• Research Article

    Effect of Coir Slab Volumes on the Growth and Yield of Strawberry in a Hydroponic System
    MG Rabbani, Minkyung Kim, Kyeongho Kim, Rayhan Ahmed Shawon, Ki Young Choi
    This study was conducted to examine the effect of slab areas of 100 cm × 20 cm (L × W) with varying … + READ MORE
    This study was conducted to examine the effect of slab areas of 100 cm × 20 cm (L × W) with varying volumes on the growth and yield of strawberry in a hanging gutter hydroponic system from September 2022 to March 2023. Coir slab volumes were used as the treatment: V1 (H 20 cm), V2 (H 15 cm), and V3 (H 12 cm) with chip: dust ratio = 0:10 (v/v), and V4 (H 12 cm) with chip: dust ratio = 5:5 (v/v). Irrigation was periodically adjusted, and all treatments received the same volume of nutrient solution. The drainage ratio was the highest in V4 and the lowest in V2 treatment. The average drainage EC ranged from 1.4 to1.5 dS·m-1 and pH ranged from 6.6 to 6.9 for each treatment. Growth characteristics like petiole length, of V2 and V3 treated plants were higher than V1 and V4 treatments from November to February. The number of fruit and yield in V2 and V3 treatments were higher than V1 and V4 treatments in December and January. However, the total number of fruit and yield were not significant among the treatments. Moreover, the weight of fruit was the highest in V2 and V3, followed by V1 and V4 treatments. Fruit quality parameters, including soluble solid contents, acidity, and fruit firmness, were the highest in V2 treatments. The retained water volume was the highest in V2 and the lowest in V4 treatment. The water use efficiency (WUE) did not show significant variation among the treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the highest correlations with V2 and V3 treatments were fruit number, fruit weight, and retained water volume. Therefore, the V2 and V3 treated plants showed better performance in the slab hydroponics system. However, the V4 treatment showed the lowest retained water volume, suggesting that irrigation is controlled by the chip ratio can ensure strawberry growth and yield. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Assessing the Impact of Elevated Day and Night Temperatures on Flesh Red Coloration and Diminished Quality in Peaches
    L. Sugandhi Hirushika Jayasooriya, Yong Bum Kwack, Mi Hee Shin, W.M. Upeksha Darshani Wijethunga, Gyeong Ho Kim, Ye Ji Moon, Seung Heui Kim, Jung Gun Cho, Jin Gook Kim
    In South Korea, the prevalence of red coloration in peach flesh has been widely documented in recent years owing to elevated temperatures … + READ MORE
    In South Korea, the prevalence of red coloration in peach flesh has been widely documented in recent years owing to elevated temperatures triggered by climate change. This study implemented soil–fruit–daylight–system (SFDS) artificial chambers that maintained four distinct day and night temperature categories to provide an overview of the effects of high temperatures on flesh discoloration and reduced fruit quality in ‘Daewol’ peaches. The day and night temperatures in each chamber were maintained as 1; 20°C/10°C; 2; 25°C/15°C; 3; 30°C/20°C; and 4; 35°C/25°C, while all other external factors remained constant. Changes in flesh color and the physicochemical quality characteristics related to flesh were assessed under these conditions over two consecutive years, 2022 and 2023. The significantly lowest fruit weight was observed in the 30°C/20°C and 35°C/25°C chambers, where tropical night phenomena were demonstrated. A remarkably higher soluble solids content was reported from the 35°C/25°C chamber, with firmness however not showing a significant difference among the chambers. Peach flesh displayed excessive red/brown coloration in the 30°C/20°C and 35°C/25°C chambers, exhibiting higher a* values, lower hue values, and color development index (CDI) values beyond 0.5 ± 0.01, where 0.5 signifies maximum yellowness. Furthermore, the markedly highest reddish pulp index was observed in the chambers with temperatures set to 30°C/20°C and 35°C/25°C. These findings emphasize that reddish pulp disorder intensifies with elevated temperatures as a result of climate change. Hence, it is crucial to prioritize and address this issue to maintain a steady peach production process and improve peach quality levels ultimately to meet the demand for peach fruit. This requires the prompt adoption of strategies such as appropriate irrigation, shading methods to protect the fruits from intense sunlight, and choosing peach varieties that can withstand high temperatures. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Comparative Analyses of Resource Allocation and Anatomical Structures in the Distal and Proximal Regions of the Scape in Dendrobium Orchids with Long Flower Longevity across Different Growth Stages
    Yi Zhou, Yi-Yi Meng, Hai-Shan Mo, Jian-Ying Gong, Hua-Xin Wang, Jia-Wei Li
    The genus Dendrobium is highly valued in horticulture, particularly for its racemose inflorescences, Dendrobium used both as potted plants and cut flowers. … + READ MORE
    The genus Dendrobium is highly valued in horticulture, particularly for its racemose inflorescences, Dendrobium used both as potted plants and cut flowers. The scape of these inflorescences is crucial for nutrient transport to the flowers and for their presentation. Despite its importance, the structural and physiological changes of the scape during the growth stages of Dendrobium flowers are not well understood. To address this, we studied Dendrobium ‘Garnet Beauty’, a variety with a racemose inflorescence. We conducted metabolomic profiling, physiological response characterization, and morphological observations during the mature and senescent phases of flowering, focusing on two distinct positions on the scape. Our results indicated that the distal and proximal flowers on the scape did not differ significantly in terms of the lifespan or morphological structure. However, the primary metabolite contents of the distal portion were significantly higher than those of the proximal portion and the total area of the vascular bundles and phloem in the distal portion was greater than that in the proximal portion, indicating high nutrient transport efficiency in the distal portion. The amino acid and derivative and organic acid contents of the scape increased with age, indicating efficient nutrient recycling and utilization within the flowers. These findings indicate that the scape may contribute to maintaining consistent flower longevity by enhancing the nutrient transport capacity and providing a storage function, thereby ensuring a steady supply of nutrients to flowers. These results provide theoretical support for Dendrobium fresh-cut flower breeding. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Structural Safety Changes and Reinforcement Effect of Raising the Height of Korean Plastic Greenhouses
    Jeongbae Jeon, Solhee Kim, Taegon Kim
    This study evaluates the reliability-based structural safety of a plastic greenhouse design and analyzes how the level of safety changes when the … + READ MORE
    This study evaluates the reliability-based structural safety of a plastic greenhouse design and analyzes how the level of safety changes when the height of a plastic greenhouse is elevated. We also examine the effects of reinforcement on safety using three different reinforcement methods to address the structural instability caused by increasing the height of plastic greenhouses. When the height of a 1–2W type plastic greenhouse was raised from 2.8 m to 4.5 m, the maximum bending stress in the windbreak wall member doubled, which in turn doubled the safety risk. Theoretically, the maximum height without structural reinforcement is 3.6m, and reinforcement is necessary when the height reaches 4.5 m. After conducting a structural reliability analysis using the average and standard deviation of the wind load, the existing 2.8 m height had a failure probability of 10%, and when raised to 4.5 m, the probability of failure (PF) increased by approximately 79%. The analysis results showed that safety increased by 2.0 to 2.5 times with reinforcement according to the three reinforcement methods tested here, reducing the probability of failure to 10%. Additionally, the stress in the windbreak wall member under the highest level of stress decreased rapidly by 16% to 26%, significantly contributing to the safety of the windbreak wall. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Evaluation of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Agents for the Suppression of Contamination in in vitro Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) Seedlings
    Young-Cheon Kim, Young Jae Yun, Zhao Yuxuan, Jeong Hwan Lee
    Interest in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants for secondary metabolite production has increased in recent years. Although Cannabis plant tissue culture … + READ MORE
    Interest in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants for secondary metabolite production has increased in recent years. Although Cannabis plant tissue culture methods are crucial for molecular breeding and micropropagation, the lack of an established protocol offering acceptable quality tissue culture methods for aseptic in vitro Cannabis seed germination is a major obstacle. Here, we established a combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solutions and examined the effects of several antibiotics, specifically carbenicillin, Augmentin, and Timentin, on the successful suppression of contamination in Cannabis plant tissue cultures. Cannabis seeds were treated with a 1% H2O2 solution for one, two, three, and four days and with 0.04%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% NaClO for 15 min. A culture medium containing 300 mg/L carbenicillin, 300 mg/L Augmentin, and 300 mg/L Timentin was also used to suppress contamination efficiently. The greatest amount of suppression was obtained upon a treatment with the 1% H2O2 solution for two days and the 0.2% NaClO solution for 15 min; subsequent incubation in a culture medium containing 300 mg/L Timentin was an effective antibiotic for minimizing contaminants without negative effects on Cannabis seedling growth. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Influence of Temperature Stress on the Major Cannabinoid Contents and Biosynthesis Gene Expression Levels in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
    Seungyong Hahm, Jeong Yeo Lee, Hae Min Im, Hyun Joo Lee, Jongseok Park
    Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has attracted global attention as a crop to grow in temperate and subtropical regions owing to its … + READ MORE
    Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has attracted global attention as a crop to grow in temperate and subtropical regions owing to its diverse primary and secondary metabolites. However, only limited information is available on how hemp responds to thermal stress and how this affects the cannabinoid content. In this study, we analyzed the major cannabinoid components [tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN)] in hemp using high-performance liquid chromatography. We evaluated cannabinoid contents in different organs, at different developmental stages, and under thermal stress conditions. Leaf discs collected from 75-day-old plants of three hemp cultivars were exposed to cold (4°C) and heat stress (45°C) conditions, with samples collected at various time points of 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. The highest cannabinoid concentrations occurred in the terminal flowers and leaves, and CBDA was the predominant cannabinoid in the ‘Hot Blonde’, ‘Cherry Blossom’, and ‘Queen Dream’ cultivars. In contrast, roots showed the lowest concentrations of the four cannabinoid compounds. After subjecting hemp plants to a temperature of 4°C, no significant changes occurred in the levels of the four cannabinoid compounds; however, after a treatment at 45°C, the contents of CBD and CBN increased in the Hot Blonde, Cherry Blossom, and Queen Dream cultivars, indicating an increase in decarboxylation due to the high temperature. We also examined the expression patterns of nine genes involved in cannabinoid biosynthesis in C. sativa L. and assessed the relationship between metabolic pathways and gene transcription. Overall, a positive correlation between cannabinoid biosynthesis and the expression of biosynthetic genes was observed. The transcription levels of the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) and cannabichromenic acid synthase (CBCAS) genes gradually increased after a treatment at 45°C, which aligned with the patterns observed for the CBD and CBN contents. These findings indicate that the high expression levels of THCAS and CBDAS under heat stress significantly influenced the accumulation of CBD and CBN at elevated temperatures. Our results provide a foundation for enhancing the content of functional components such as cannabinoids in hemp and for developing new medical hemp varieties. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Analysis of Heavy Metals, Residual Pesticides, Inorganic Substances, and Leachate in Rock Wool and Coir Substrates used for Paprika Cultivation
    Yoon Go, Se Hun Ju, Eun Ji Kim, Jun Gu Lee, Jongseok Park, Daegi Kim, Haeyoung Na
    This study evaluated the recyclability of rock wool and coir substrates used for paprika cultivation by analyzing their compositions and potential hazards. … + READ MORE
    This study evaluated the recyclability of rock wool and coir substrates used for paprika cultivation by analyzing their compositions and potential hazards. The heavy metal contents were determined before and after cultivation, and residual pesticides and inorganic substances were measured after cultivation. The leachate generated from soaking the coir substrates was analyzed for its heavy metal, chloride ion, and salinity contents. The concentrations of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contained in the rock wool substrates before and after use were below the threshold values set by the Soil Environment Conservation Act for soil contamination concerns in region 1 (paddy fields, dry fields, orchards, pastures, and mineral spring sites) in South Korea. The rock wool substrate exceeded the threshold values set by the Soil Environment Conservation Act for soil contamination concerns in region 1. However, hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) was not detected, and only trivalent chromium (Cr3+), which has less of an impact on human health and the environment, was found. In contrast, the heavy metal content in the coir substrate was below the threshold set for soil contamination in region 1, confirming that it poses no environmental concerns. A residual pesticide analysis revealed that only dinotefuran was detected in rock wool. In the coir substrate, three insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, dinotefuran) and three fungicides (boscalid, procymidone, fluxapyroxad) were detected. However, all were below the maximum residue limits set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Rock wool and coir substrates contain the inorganic components N, B, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Si. The rock wool substrate was particularly high in silicon and calcium, whereas the coir substrate had a high nitrogen content. These results suggest that rock wool and coir substrates can be recycled as soil conditioners or fertilizers. Additionally, it was confirmed that the leachate generated during pre-cultivation soaking of the coir substrate could be discharged without causing environmental issues. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Development of Theanine Molecular Markers for High-Throughput Screening (HTS) in Camellia sinensis Breeding

    차나무 분자육종 대량신속검색기술 적용을 위한 테아닌 분자마커 개발

    Byung-Hyuk Kim, Jong-Ok Jang, Yun-Suk Kwon, Yong Hee Kwon, So Jin Lee, Eun Yong Song, Hyun-Hee Han, Doo-Gyung Moon

    김병혁, 장종옥, 권윤숙, 권용희, 이소진, 송은영, 한현희, 문두경

    Tea is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages in the world. Theanine is a very important amino acid in …

    차는 범세계적으로 소비되는 인기있는 음료 중 하나이다. 테아닌은 차나무의 아미노산으로 알려져 있으며, 차의 특별한 풍미를 내는 매우 중요한 성분이다. 차나무 육종은 특별하고 …

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    Tea is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages in the world. Theanine is a very important amino acid in tea plants that is a component of green tea and contributes to the special flavor of the tea. It is very important to the breeding of tea plants for a special and excellent tea. However, traditional tea breeding is multistage a very long breeding process of 20–25 years. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a High Throughput Screening System (HTS system) for the early selection of tea plants with high theanine content. We have developed molecular markers that can detect theanine synthetic gene (tsa gene) on tea breeding. We compared theanine quantitation and mRNA expression in Camellia sinensis under shading conditions. As a result, it was confirmed that gene expression and theanine synthesis were very close to each other in C. sinensis leaves. This technique could be utilized as an efficient method for early screening of genetic resources that produce high theanine based on molecular markers.


    차는 범세계적으로 소비되는 인기있는 음료 중 하나이다. 테아닌은 차나무의 아미노산으로 알려져 있으며, 차의 특별한 풍미를 내는 매우 중요한 성분이다. 차나무 육종은 특별하고 우수한 차 생산을 위해 매우 중요하다. 그러나 전통적인 차나무 육종은 20–25년의 매우 길고 다단계의 육종과정을 필요로 한다. 따라서, 본 연구는 테아닌 함량이 높은 차나무의 조기선발을 위한 HTS 시스템(High Throughput Screening System) 개발을 목적으로 수행되었다. 차나무 육종과정에서 테아닌 합성 유전자(tsa gene)를 검출할 수 있는 분자마커를 개발했으며, 차광조건에서 테아닌 합성유전자의 발현량과 테아닌 함량을 분석하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 테아닌 합성유전자의 발현과 테아닌 함량의 상관관계가 매우 높음을 확인하였다. 따라서, 이 기술은 분자 마커를 기반으로 높은 테아닌을 생산하는 유전자원을 조기에 선별하는 효율적인 방법으로 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Non-destructive Analysis of Anthocyanin Content Levels Based on RGB Images of Red Lettuce

    RGB 이미지 기반 적상추 안토시아닌 비파괴적 분석

    Giju Eoh, Sungsu Lim, Jongseok Park

    어기주, 임성수, 박종석

    The purpose of this study is to develop an optimal prediction model of the anthocyanin content of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa …

    본 연구의 목적은 RGB 이미지 기반의 비파괴적인 방법으로 적상추(Lactuca sativa L. ‘선풍포찹’)의 안토시아닌 함량 예측 모델을 개발하는 것이다. 다양한 표현형의 적상추 …

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    The purpose of this study is to develop an optimal prediction model of the anthocyanin content of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Seonpungpochap’) with RGB image data for a non-destructive analysis method. An experiment was conducted to obtain a range of data on phenotypic red lettuce. LED light sources were used with the lettuce at ratios of 100:0 (R:B), 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100, which represent the five treatments conducted here under a light intensity level of 180 ± 10 µmol·m-2·s-1. Images of red lettuce samples were obtained with an RGB camera, and the total anthocyanin content of each of the red lettuce samples for were analyzed using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The background of each of the lettuce images was removed with the ‘GrabCut’ algorithm, and the silhouette index was employed to identify the optimal K-value. A color histogram was constructed using the ‘K-means clustering’ algorithm. Multiple regression was conducted using the ‘B’, ‘RB/(R+G+B)’ ‘Brightest, 2G-R’ variables selected from the color histogram due to their strong correlation with the dependent variable. The result was a model with a high coefficient of determination of 0.953 (RMSE: 0.209). Hence, this study offers a means by which to conduct a non-destructive analysis of the anthocyanin content in red lettuce using an AI model, which can be utilized in plant factories and farms as a new indicator of red lettuce cultivation.


    본 연구의 목적은 RGB 이미지 기반의 비파괴적인 방법으로 적상추(Lactuca sativa L. ‘선풍포찹’)의 안토시아닌 함량 예측 모델을 개발하는 것이다. 다양한 표현형의 적상추 데이터를 얻기 위해 적색과 청색으로 구성된 LED 광원을 사용하여 광도 180 ± 10µmol·m-2·s-1에서 비율 100:0(적:청), 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, 0:100의 5개 처리조건에서 재배했다. 수확 후, RGB 카메라를 이용하여 이미지를 얻고 액체 크로마토그래피(High-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)를 이용하여 각 개체별 총 안토시아닌 함량 데이터를 분석했다. 상추 이미지의 배경은 ‘GrabCut’ 알고리즘을 사용하여 제거하고, Silhouette index를 사용하여 최적의 K값을 얻어 컬러 히스토그램을 구성했다. 색상 히스토그램에서 얻을 수 있는 상관 관계가 높은 변수 중 가장 높은 결정계수를 가지는 조합인 ‘B’, ‘RB/(R+G+B)’, ‘Brightest, 2G-R’ 3가지 변수를 독립변수로 사용하여 다중 회귀 분석한 결과 0.953(RMSE: 0.209) 라는 높은 결정계수를 가진 모델을 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구는 인공지능을 활용하여 식물공장에서 이용할 수 있는 적상추 안토시아닌 함량 비파괴적 분석을 위한 모델을 제시했으며, 이는 식물공장과 농장에서 적상추 재배의 새로운 지표로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

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    30 April 2025

  • Research Article

    Effects of Microperforated LDPE Film Packaging on the Quality of ‘Wonmi’ Sweet Persimmon

    미세천공 LDPE 필름 포장이 단감 ‘원미’ 품질에 미치는 영향

    Mi Hee Shin, Ye Ji Moon, Gyeong Ho Kim, Kyeong Bok Ma, Hye Gyoung Yoo, Jin Gook Kim

    신미희, 문예지, 김경호, 마경복, 유혜경, 김진국

    To select appropriate packaging materials and packaging methods to maintain the quality of the sweet persimmon ‘Wonmi’ for export, the following four …

    수출용 단감 ‘원미’ 품종의 연화억제 및 품질 유지를 위한 적절한 포장재와 포장방법을 선발하기 위하여 기존의 농가 관행 포장법과 선행 실험의 결과를 바탕으로 …

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    To select appropriate packaging materials and packaging methods to maintain the quality of the sweet persimmon ‘Wonmi’ for export, the following four types of packaging were tested: 1) a control type (untreated), 2) modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) 5F-LDPE (conventional method, five-fruit packaging), 3) MAP 5F-MP LDPE (microperforated LDPE, OPP anti-fog film, 30 µm, OTR 80,000CC five-fruit packaging), and 4) MAP 1F-MP LDPE (microperforated LDPE, OPP anti-fog film, 30 µm, OTR 80,000CC single-fruit packaging). Fruits thus packaged were examined for 12 days at room temperature (20°C) at three-day intervals for fruit quality changes. The remaining packaged fruits were stored for two weeks in cold storage at 0°C and then moved to room temperature to examine changes in fruit quality at three-day intervals for 12 days. Regarding fruit quality changes after storage at room temperature and at a low temperature, the effect of suppressing weight loss and softening in the three MAP-treated fruits was confirmed compared to the control group. There were no significant differences between the packaging treatments in terms of the weight loss rate in either experiment. However, the MP LDPE treatment was the most effective at room temperature in terms of softening inhibition. The MAP treatment had a tremendous inhibitory effect in the experiment after low-temperature storage. In conventional MAP, off-flavoring occurred in fruits after low-temperature storage, and fruit decay occurred due to abnormal ripening, strongly suggesting that fruit quality is not maintained only by maintaining hardness. In addition, in both experiments, when packed in MAP 5F-LDPE, one unhealthy fruit caused the softening and rotting of fruits in each bundle. In addition, five-pack packaging requires considerable labor for re-sorting and re-packing after storage. Therefore, to maintain and manage fruit quality more efficiently and to ensure long-term high-quality levels, the packaging of one fruit via microperforated MAP is considered the most appropriate packaging method.


    수출용 단감 ‘원미’ 품종의 연화억제 및 품질 유지를 위한 적절한 포장재와 포장방법을 선발하기 위하여 기존의 농가 관행 포장법과 선행 실험의 결과를 바탕으로 1) Control(무처리), 2) MAP 5F-Conventioanl(관행 LEPE 과실 5개 포장), 3) MAP 5F-80,000CC(미세천공 LDPE, OPP 방담필름, 30µm, OTR 80,000CC 과실 5개 포장), 4) MAP 1F-80,000CC(미세천공 LDPE, OPP 방담필름, 30µm, OTR 80,000CC 과실 1개 포장) 4가지 방법으로 포장 후 과실품질 변화를 조사하였다. 포장된 과실 일부는 상온(20°C)에서 3일 간격으로 12일간 과실 품질변화를 조사하였고 나머지 포장된 과실들은 0°C 저온저장고에서 2주간 저장한 후 상온(20°C)으로 옮겨 이후 3일 간격으로 12일 동안 과실의 품질변화를 조사하였다. 상온과 저온저장 후의 과실 품질변화는 포장을 하지 않은 무처리 과실보다 MAP 처리된 세가지 처리에서 감모와 연화 억제 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 두 실험 모두 감모율에서는 포장 처리 간의 유의차가 크지 않았지만 연화 억제에서는 상온에서는 미세천공 MAP 5개 포장처리가 가장 효과적이었으며, 저온저장 후 실험은 관행 MAP 처리에서 효과가 컸다. 하지만 관행포장은 저온저장 후 과실에서 이취가 발생하였고, 비정상적 후숙으로 부패하는 과실이 발생하였기 때문에 경도 유지만으로 과실품질을 유지한다고 보기는 어려웠다. 또한 두 실험 모두 5개 묶음으로 포장할 경우 1개의 건전하지 못한 과실로 인해 묶음 단위로 과실이 연화, 부패하는 결과를 보여주었으며, 5개 묶음 포장은 저장 후 출하시 재선별과 재포장에 상당한 노동력이 필요하다. 따라서 보다 효율적이고 고품질로 장시간 과실 품질을 유지하고, 관리하기 위해서는 미세천공 MAP 1개 포장이 가장 적절한 포장방법으로 판단된다.

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    30 April 2025
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