About This Journal

Horticultural Science and Technology (abbr. Hortic. Sci. Technol., herein ‘HST’; ISSN, 1226-8763), one of the two official journals of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science (KSHS), was launched in 1998 to provide scientific and professional publication on technology and sciences of horticultural area. As an international journal, HST is published in English and Korean, bimonthly on the last day of even number months, and indexed in ‘SCIE’, ‘SCOPUS’ and ‘CABI’. The HST is devoted for the publication of technical and academic papers and review articles on such arears as cultivation physiology, protected horticulture, postharvest technology, genetics and breeding, tissue culture and biotechnology, and other related to vegetables, fruit, ornamental, and herbal plants.

 
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  • Research Article

    Targeted RT-PCR Survey of Ten Economically Important Tomato Viruses in Major Tomato-Producing Regions of Korea
    Si-Hong Kim, Ho-Min Kang, Jeong-Eun Sim, Yun-Ha Lee, Han-Kyeol Park, Jae-Kyung Kim, Ju-Yeon Ahn, Byeong-Jun Jeon
    Tomato production in Korea faces significant threats from various viral diseases; however, comprehensive epidemiological data analyzing the occurrence patterns of major tomato … + READ MORE
    Tomato production in Korea faces significant threats from various viral diseases; however, comprehensive epidemiological data analyzing the occurrence patterns of major tomato viruses across different cultivars and regions are scarce. This study investigates the prevalence of ten economically important tomato viruses in commercial production: tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tobacco mosaic virus (tomato strain; ToMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), southern tomato virus (STV), tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), and tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). During the 2024 growing season, 342 leaf samples were collected from the commercial tomato cultivars ‘Daphnis’, ‘TY Ored’, and ‘Pink Star’ in key tomato-producing regions of Korea, in this case Damyang, Gimcheon, Mieyang, Buyeo, and Chuncheon. Virus detection was performed using virus-specific primers under standardized RT-PCR conditions. The results showed that TSWV (14.0%), CMV (11.7%), TYLCV (9.1%), and ToCV (3.2%) were detected at relatively high frequencies, while ToMV, PepMoV, STV, and TBSV were found at low incidence rates. Notably, PepMV and ToBRFV were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. Among the cultivars, ‘Daphnis’ had the highest overall infection rate (37.7%), followed by ‘Pink Star’ (31.9%) and ‘TY Ored’ (15.5%). Mixed infections involving two or more viruses were most commonly observed in ‘Daphnis’, whereas they were rare in ‘TY Ored’. Regionally, higher infection rates were recorded in Mieyang and Damyang, likely linked to differences in cropping systems and vector pressure levels. These findings indicate that TSWV, CMV, and TYLCV are significant viral threats to tomato production in Korea, with infection patterns varying considerably by cultivar and region. This study provides essential baseline epidemiological data through an integrated assessment of multiple tomato viruses using a consistent molecular diagnostic protocol across major production areas. The findings here provide practical guidance for resistant cultivar selection, targeted vector control, and early-stage virus diagnostics in tomato production systems. - COLLAPSE
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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Fruit-Set Responses to Gibberellic Acid and 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) According to the Fruiting Shoot Position
    Dong Geun Lee, Chae Young Lee, Ha Kyung Oh, Heesoon Park, Hoon Geun Oh, Seon Ja Cha, Seung Yeop Lee, Jong Won Lee, Yi Lee
    Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) produces abundant flowers, exhibits parthenocarpic tendencies, and has a prolonged flowering period, yet fruit set remains unstable … + READ MORE
    Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) produces abundant flowers, exhibits parthenocarpic tendencies, and has a prolonged flowering period, yet fruit set remains unstable under open-field conditions due to weather variability. We classified fruiting shoots into three positional types (Fs1, Fs2, and Fs3) and assessed fruit-set responses to gibberellic acid (GA3), 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), and a combination of these two acids applied three times at two-week intervals from approximately 10% bloom in open-field orchards at Boeun and Goesan, Korea. At both sites, 25 ppm GA3 produced the highest fruit set and tree yield. In Boeun, it increased fruit set per tree from 358 to 1,263 fruits·tree-1 and increased the yield from 4.15 to 9.44 kg·tree-1; in Goesan, the corresponding outcomes were from 162 to 537 fruits·tree-1 and from 2.02 to 5.14 kg·tree-1. Fruit-set ratios relative to floral clusters were highest in basal (Fs1) and main-axis (Fs2) shoots under 25 ppm GA3, whereas lateral (Fs3) shoots responded most strongly to 50 ppm GA3. At the whole-tree level, the fruit-set ratio reached 190.7% in Boeun and 149.3% in Goesan under 25 ppm GA3. Visual phytotoxic symptoms were observed in 4-CPA-containing treatments, particularly at higher concentrations, whereas no visible injuries were observed in the GA3-only treatments. These results suggest that applying GA3 during flowering can improve fruit set and yield stability in open-field jujube, with site-consistent but position-specific responses. - COLLAPSE
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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Relationships between External and Internal Quality Attributes in Mini Pumpkin for AI-Assisted Fruit Classification
    Eun Ji Kim, Young Je Kim, Se Hun Ju, Youngseok Kwon, YoSup Park, Inhoon Jang, Jungin Kim, Beom Seon Lee, Haeyoung Na
    The mini pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata) has gained increasing amounts of attention in fresh produce markets owing to … + READ MORE
    The mini pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata) has gained increasing amounts of attention in fresh produce markets owing to its high sugar content and suitability for single-serving consumption. Efficient and objective fruit grading is essential for maintaining consistent market quality in commercial production systems. This study evaluated the performance of an artificial-intelligence (AI)-based image classification model for the automated grading of mini pumpkins and investigated the relationships between external fruit traits and internal quality attributes. A total of 6,800 RGB images of mini pumpkins were collected and classified as marketable or immature fruits. A deep-learning model based on the ConvNeXt V2 architecture was trained and evaluated to classify mini pumpkin images. Additionally, morphological and physicochemical properties, in this case the fruit size, rind and flesh color, soluble solids content (SSC), and firmness, were measured to analyze the differences in fruit quality characteristics between the two fruit classes. Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between external and internal fruit traits. The AI-based classification model achieved high overall accuracy of 99.0%, with F1-scores of 0.991 for both fruit classes. Marketable fruits showed significantly lower rind lightness (L*) and higher fruit weights, SSC values, and firmness levels relative to those of immature fruits. A correlation analysis revealed that darker rind color was associated with greater values for fruit weight, SSC, and firmness, indicating that external visual characteristics were associated with internal fruit quality attributes. Overall, the AI-based image analysis effectively classified mini pumpkin maturity and marketability based on external fruit characteristics. This approach provides a promising non-destructive method for automated fruit grading and quality evaluations in commercial pumpkin production systems. - COLLAPSE
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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Convolutional Neural Network-Based Image Classification of Bacterial Wilt Symptoms in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
    Junesung Lee, Yena Kim, Ji-Su Kwon, Seon-In Yeom, Won-Hee Kang
    Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a destructive disease that affects pepper and other solanaceous crops. Reliable phenotypic evaluations are … + READ MORE
    Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a destructive disease that affects pepper and other solanaceous crops. Reliable phenotypic evaluations are essential for resistance screening, but conventional visual scoring can be affected by observer-dependent variations. In this study, we developed an image classification framework based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) for objective assessments of bacterial wilt symptoms in pepper. Three pepper genotypes representing resistant (MC4), moderately resistant (ECW30R), and susceptible (Subicho) responses were inoculated with R. solanacearum SL1931, after which symptom development was evaluated using a five-level disease index. Under standardized imaging conditions, 1,500 multi-view symptom images were acquired and assigned to three symptom-associated resistance classes. To reduce information leakage, images obtained from the same plant individual were assigned to the same dataset partition. The model was trained using the training set, monitored with the validation set, and evaluated using an independent test set. The final model correctly classified 266 of 300 test images, corresponding to an accuracy rate of 88.67%. Misclassifications occurred mainly between adjacent symptom classes, suggesting partial visual overlap between intermediate and severe wilt responses. These results indicate that the CNN-based image analysis method developed here can support objective and reproducible bacterial wilt phenotyping in pepper. Further validation across broader germplasm, pathogen isolates, and imaging environments will be required for large-scale breeding applications. - COLLAPSE
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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Combined Application of Supplemental Lighting and Solid CO2 Generators to Improve the Growth, Yield, and Profitability of Winter Greenhouse Cucumber Cultivation
    Jeong Kil Koo, Jin Yu, Eun Won Park, So Yeong Hwang, Ji Hye Yun, Hyeong Eun Choi, Hee Sung Hwang, Seung Jae Hwang
    To enhance the productivity of greenhouse cucumbers during periods of low solar radiation, we evaluated the effects of the simultaneous application of … + READ MORE
    To enhance the productivity of greenhouse cucumbers during periods of low solar radiation, we evaluated the effects of the simultaneous application of supplemental lighting and CO2 enrichment using solid CO2 generators on growth, fruit quality, and yield outcomes. The study period was 75 days and plants were in a plastic greenhouse divided into ambient (control) and buffer zones along with a zone with simultaneous supplemental lighting and solid CO2 generators (SL+sCO2). When female flowers began to bloom, light-emitting diodes (LED) with a red:blue ratio of 5:5 were used for supplemental lighting, and solid CO2 generators were used to increase CO2 concentrations. Supplemental lighting was provided for 4 h immediately after sunrise at a light intensity level of 150 µmol·m-2·s-1. The use of solid CO2 generators increased CO2 concentrations by an average of 217 ± 67 µmol·mol-1 compared with the control. SL+sCO2 significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, number of nodes, and SPAD values compared with the control. The overall number of female flowers was higher in the SL+sCO2 case than in the control, and SL+sCO2 exhibited significantly greater fruit widths as well as fresh and dry weights. The yield of SL+sCO2 was 18% higher than that of the control. An economic analysis revealed that SL+sCO2 generated additional net income of 4,796,415 KRW·10 a-1, with the income ratio increasing by 21% over the control. These results suggest that the simultaneous application of supplemental LED lighting and solid CO2 generators effectively improves fruit quality, yield, and farm income outcomes during winter greenhouse cucumber cultivation while also providing practical insights for overcoming low-radiation constraints. - COLLAPSE
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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Growth and Yield Modeling of the Cherry Tomato ‘Cupid’ Based on Environmental Data and Model-Driven Nutrient Management in Spring Cropping
    Jaewoo Soh
    This study was conducted to develop a growth and yield prediction model for the cherry tomato cultivar ‘Cupid’ (Sakata Korea Seed Co., … + READ MORE
    This study was conducted to develop a growth and yield prediction model for the cherry tomato cultivar ‘Cupid’ (Sakata Korea Seed Co., Ltd.) using environmental data and to validate the model through empirical cultivation comparing conventional soil cultivation, conventional hydroponic management, and model-driven nutrient solution management. The experiment was performed during the spring cropping cycle at the Agrocell Co., Ltd. Corporate-Affiliated Research Institute. Three treatments were compared: Control (soil cultivation), Treatment 1 (hydroponic cultivation with irrigation based on solar radiation and temperature sensors), and Treatment 2 (hydroponic cultivation with model-driven irrigation based on growth modeling). Logistic growth models were developed for the plant height, leaf area index, and fruit yield using growing degree days as the independent variable. The model-driven treatment demonstrated superior growth parameters, fruit yields, and nutrient use efficiency rates compared to conventional approaches. A regression analysis between predicted and measured values yielded high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.90), confirming the model’s reliability. The model-driven approach reduced fertilizer consumption by 32.5% and the drainage volume by 41.8% compared to conventional hydroponic management while maintaining 98.7% of the maximum yield. This study demonstrates that integrating growth modeling with environmental sensor data enables precise and resource-efficient nutrient management for cherry tomato production. - COLLAPSE
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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Comparative Evaluation of Routine Quality Traits, Primary Metabolites, and TD-GC-MS Volatile Profiles for Cultivar Discrimination in Newly Bred Peach (Prunus persica L.)
    Yoo-Han Roh, Jinhee Lee, Yeo Eun Yun, Nayeong Kwon, Sooyeon Lim, Kang-Mo Ku
    Three newly bred peach (Prunus persica L.) cultivars, ‘Hwanggwibi’, ‘Seola’, and ‘Yanghongjang’, were characterized using their routine fruit-quality traits and by … + READ MORE
    Three newly bred peach (Prunus persica L.) cultivars, ‘Hwanggwibi’, ‘Seola’, and ‘Yanghongjang’, were characterized using their routine fruit-quality traits and by means of primary metabolite profiling and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS)-based volatile organic compound (VOC) profiling. The cultivars differed in terms of their fruit appearance, fruit weight, titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, peel color, and firmness, although the soluble solids content (SSC) remained within a narrow range of 12.1–12.6°Brix. Primary metabolite profiling revealed cultivar-associated differences in sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, and amino acids, indicating that similar SSC values did not necessarily reflect similar metabolite compositions. The TD-GC-MS-based VOC profiles also differed among the tested cultivars. Among the VOCs confirmed using authentic standards, D-limonene, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and acetic acid showed cultivar-associated accumulation patterns. A dataset-level comparison showed significant cultivar-associated separation for routine quality traits, primary metabolites, TD-GC-MS-based VOCs, and the combined quality + VOC dataset. Cross-validated PLS-DA indicated high predictive ability for the TD-GC-MS-based VOC and combined quality + VOC datasets, with the combined dataset showing the highest Q2 value. Because the fruits were obtained from distribution centers and evaluated within a single production season, the results should be interpreted as exploratory baseline information for this sample set rather than as validated genotype-level markers. These results indicate that TD-GC-MS-based VOC profiling can complement conventional fruit-quality measurements for characterizing newly bred peach cultivars. - COLLAPSE
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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Integrated Thermotherapy and Chemotherapy for the Elimination of GLRaV-3 and GFkV in Vitis vinifera ‘Shine Muscat’
    Si-Hong Kim, Jae-Yun Heo, Ho-Min Kang
    Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) are significant viral pathogens commonly found in the form of mixed infections in … + READ MORE
    Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) are significant viral pathogens commonly found in the form of mixed infections in V. vinifera ‘Shine Muscat’ in Korea, which severely limits the production of virus-free planting materials. This study assessed the effects of ribavirin chemotherapy (20 and 40 mg L-1), thermotherapy at 37°C, and treatments that combine these two actions on in vitro growth, shoot-tip regeneration stability, and virus elimination efficiency in mixed virus-infected ‘Shine Muscat’ plantlets. The thermotherapy and the combined treatments resulted in relatively stable shoot growth in vitro, while the ribavirin treatment alone tended to inhibit shoot elongation, although this treatment resulted in limited root damage. The survival rates of regenerated plantlets after shoot-tip culturing varied by treatment, ranging from 50.0% (R40+T) to 80.9% (R20). All treatments exhibited higher mixed-infection elimination rates than the untreated control (47.6%), defined as plantlets without thermotherapy or the ribavirin treatment. Among them, the combined thermotherapy–ribavirin treatments showed the highest efficiency levels, with elimination rates of 82.4% (R20+T) and 92.3% (R40+T). These findings suggest that combining ribavirin with thermotherapy can significantly enhance the elimination efficiency of mixed viral infections while maintaining acceptable levels of growth and regeneration stability. This study lays a practical foundation for optimizing treatment conditions for the nursery-level production of virus-free ‘Shine Muscat’ grapevines. - COLLAPSE
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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Effects of Nutrient Solution Heating on the Root Development and Yield of Three Lettuce Cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in NFT and Aeroponic Systems under Low-Temperature Conditions

    저온기 박막경과 분무경 시스템에서 양액 가온 온도가 상추의 뿌리 발달과 수량에 미치는 영향

    Se Jin Kim, Mi Young Lim, Joo Hee Nam, Myeong Suk Kim, Gyeong Lee Choi, Mi Young Roh, Dong Pil Kim

    김세진, 임미영, 남주희, 김명석, 최경이, 노미영, 김동필

    This study investigated the effects of nutrient solution heating (NSH) on the root-zone temperature (RZT), root development, shoot growth, and yield of …

    본 연구는 저온기 순수수경 재배 시스템인 박막경(NFT)과 분무경(aeroponics)에서 양액 가온이 상추(Lactuca sativa L.)의 근권 온도, 뿌리 발달, 지상부 생육 및 수확량에 …

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    This study investigated the effects of nutrient solution heating (NSH) on the root-zone temperature (RZT), root development, shoot growth, and yield of three lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in two water culture systems, the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system and an aeroponic system, during a low-temperature period. Three cultivars (‘Caipira’, ‘Volare’, and ‘Isabel’) were cultivated in a glasshouse using nutrient solutions heated to set temperatures of 20, 25, and 30°C. NSH effectively increased the RZT in both the NFT and aeroponic systems. However, the aeroponic system exhibited noticeably greater temperature stability than the NFT system owing to its Styrofoam-insulated and enclosed structure. Heated nutrient solutions significantly promoted root development by, for instance, increasing the overall root length, number of tips, and the lateral roots while decreasing the average root diameter, indicating enhanced root formation, which is beneficial for water and nutrient uptake and transport. Growth and harvest characteristics, specifically the leaf length, no. of leaves, chlorophyll contents, leaf area, shoot fresh/dry weight, and root fresh/dry weight, also improved with higher RZTs. The NFT system showed higher shoot biomass and yield outcomes, whereas the aeroponic system exhibited superior root development and greater root biomass. Among the tested temperatures, NSH30 resulted in better growth and yield levels than NSH20 and NSH25. Although the nutrient solution was heated to 30°C, the actual RZT achieved was approximately 25°C, which was found to be optimal for lettuce root and shoot growth. These findings suggest that nutrient solution heating is an effective strategy to enhance lettuce productivity in NFT and aeroponic systems during low-temperature periods.


    본 연구는 저온기 순수수경 재배 시스템인 박막경(NFT)과 분무경(aeroponics)에서 양액 가온이 상추(Lactuca sativa L.)의 근권 온도, 뿌리 발달, 지상부 생육 및 수확량에 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 유리온실에서 세가지 품종(‘카이피라’, ‘볼라레’, ‘이자벨’)을 대상으로 양액 온도를 20, 25, 30°C로 가온하였다. 양액 가온은 NFT와 분무경 시스템 모두에서 근권 온도를 효과적으로 상승시켰다. 그러나 분무경 시스템은 스티로폼 단열 및 밀폐 구조 덕분에 NFT보다 더 높은 온도 안정성을 보였다. 가온 양액은 근장, 근단 수, 측근 발생 증가, 평균 근경 감소 등 양수분의 흡수와 이동에 유리한 형태로 뿌리를 유의미하게 발달시켰다. 엽면적, 생체중, 건물중 등 생육·수확 특성은 더 높은 근권 온도에서 개선되었다. NFT는 더 높은 지상부 바이오매스와 수확량을 보인 반면, 분무경은 더 우수한 뿌리 발달과 근권부 바이오매스를 나타냈다. 처리 온도 중 NSH30이 NSH20과 NSH25보다 더 나은 생육과 수량을 보였다. 양액 가온 온도를 30°C로 설정하였음에도, 실제 근권 온도는 상추의 근권부와 지상부 생육에 적합한 약 25°C였다. 해당 연구 결과는 저온기 NFT와 분무경 시스템에서 상추 재배 시 양액 가온이 생산성을 향상시킬 수 있는 효과적인 전략이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

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    31 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Analysis of the Growth Responses and Multispectral Reflectance Characteristics of Rehmannia glutinosa Plug Seedlings under Drought Stress

    건조 스트레스에 따른 지황 플러그묘의 생육 및 다분광 반사율 특성 분석

    Ji Hye Yun, So Yeong Hwang, Jeong Kil Koo, Hyeong Eun Choi, Seong Ha Park, Seung Jae Hwang

    윤지혜, 황소영, 구정길, 최형은, 박성하, 황승재

    Rehmannia glutinosa is a high-value medicinal crop with extreme sensitivity to drought stress. However, non-destructive methods by which to assess the quality …

    지황(Rehmannia glutinosa)은 경제적 가치가 높은 약용작물로 건조 스트레스에 민감하나, 플러그묘 소질의 비파괴적 진단 방법은 현재까지 제한적이다. 본 연구는 다분광 영상을 …

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    Rehmannia glutinosa is a high-value medicinal crop with extreme sensitivity to drought stress. However, non-destructive methods by which to assess the quality of plug seedlings remain limited. This study evaluated the spectral reflectance and vegetation index responses of R. glutinosa plug seedlings to drought stress using multispectral imaging. Drought stress significantly increased the leaf temperature and decreased shoot and root growth parameters compared to the control. NIR (near-infrared) band reflectance declined initially in the early stage of drought stress, with this followed by a significant decrease in visible bands (blue, green, red) as stress intensified. Among the five vegetation indices, the NGRDI (normalized green-red difference index) responded earliest at the early stage of drought stress, while the GNDVI (green normalized difference vegetation index), PSRI (plant senescence reflectance index), and NDRE (normalized difference red edge index) showed significant changes as stress intensified. The NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) showed a delayed response and was significantly lower in the drought-stressed seedlings than in the control only after rewatering. These results suggest that multispectral imaging is a promising non-destructive tool for early drought stress detection and seedling quality assessments in medicinal plug seedling production systems.


    지황(Rehmannia glutinosa)은 경제적 가치가 높은 약용작물로 건조 스트레스에 민감하나, 플러그묘 소질의 비파괴적 진단 방법은 현재까지 제한적이다. 본 연구는 다분광 영상을 활용하여 지황 플러그묘의 건조 스트레스에 따른 분광 반사율 및 식생지수 반응을 구명하고자 하였다. 건조 스트레스 처리에 의해 대조구 대비 엽온은 유의적으로 상승하였으며, 지상부 및 지하부 생육 지표는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 건조 스트레스 초기에는 근적외선 밴드(NIR) 반사율이 먼저 감소하였으며, 스트레스가 심화됨에 따라 가시광 밴드(Blue, Green, Red) 반사율의 유의적 감소가 후속적으로 나타났다. 5개 식생지수 중 NGRDI(Normalized Green-Red Difference Index)는 건조 스트레스 초기에 가장 빠르게 반응하였으며, GNDVI(Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), PSRI(Plant Senescence Reflectance Index), NDRE(Normalized Difference Red Edge Index)는 스트레스 심화에 따라 유의적인 변화를 나타냈다. NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)는 반응이 지연되어 회복관수 후 건조 스트레스 처리구에서 대조구보다 유의하게 낮았다. 이상의 결과는 다분광 영상이 공정육묘 생산 시스템에서 건조 스트레스 조기 탐지 및 묘소질 평가를 위한 유망한 비파괴적 도구로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

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    31 October 2026

  • Notice

    Correction to: Polyploid and Doubled Haploids Induction in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. through Oryzalin Treatment-Mediated Chromosome Doubling
    Woo Seok Ahn, Tae Il Kim, Cheong A Kim, Woo Tae Park, Jin-Tae Jeong, Mok Hur, Jeonghoon Lee, Sung Ju Ahn, Yun Chan Huh, and Sung Cheol Koo
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    31 October 2026
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