About This Journal
Horticultural Science and Technology (abbr. Hortic. Sci. Technol., herein ‘HST’; ISSN, 1226-8763), one of the two official journals of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science (KSHS), was launched in 1998 to provide scientific and professional publication on technology and sciences of horticultural area. As an international journal, HST is published in English and Korean, bimonthly on the last day of even number months, and indexed in ‘SCIE’, ‘SCOPUS’ and ‘CABI’. The HST is devoted for the publication of technical and academic papers and review articles on such arears as cultivation physiology, protected horticulture, postharvest technology, genetics and breeding, tissue culture and biotechnology, and other related to vegetables, fruit, ornamental, and herbal plants.
2021 Impact Factor 0.758
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Research Article
- Comparison of Propagation Methods and Cutting Collection Time Focusing on Transplant Growth, Fruit Quality, and Yield in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)
- Eun Ji Kim, Sung Yong Jin, Hyun Soo Jung, Chi Seon Kim, Sunghee Guak, Jun Gu Lee
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different propagation methods and cutting collection time on the seedling quality …
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different propagation methods and cutting collection time on the seedling quality and post-transplanting growth characteristics of ‘Sulhyang’ strawberry. For propagation, runner cuttings were collected three times independently from mother plants. Runners of the mother plants from pinning propagation were used as control specimens. There were 2.0, 5.3, and 6.7 cuttings per mother plant on May 8, June 5, and July 3, respectively, which indicated that collection in early May was insufficient to acquire an appropriate number of cuttings. The relationship between the number of cuttings collected and cumulative solar radiation was set as a logarithmic equation of y = 4.4113 ln (x)–24.4090. The survival rate of cuttings was highest in the June collection and lowest in the July collection based on the time sequence. During the nursery period, root activity was better in the transplants obtained in May and June compared to those obtained in July. On the day of transplanting, the top/root (T/R) ratio was lowest in the June collection and highest in the July collection based on the time sequence. The mean fruit weight was highest in the June collection, followed by the pinning propagation group, and it was lowest in the July collection. The cuttings collected in early June produced the most uniform transplants and had the most stable fruit yield among the pinning and cutting collections. In conclusion, considering the supply of a sufficient number of cuttings, the production of high-quality transplants and a more stable fruit yield, cutting propagation in early June was found to be superior to pinning propagation for ‘Sulhyang’ strawberry. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
- Effects of Drought Stress on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Grafted Ziziphus jujuba var. inermis under RCP 6.0 Climate Change Scenarios
- Yeonggeun Song, Chul-Woo Kim, Hyeongkeun Kweon, Kyeong Kyu Yoon, Yun-Jin Shim, UK Lee, Kyeong Cheol Lee
- Climate change affects the frequency and intensity of extreme weather, such as drought and floods. This study aimed to investigate the effects …
- Climate change affects the frequency and intensity of extreme weather, such as drought and floods. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on the growth and physiological characteristics of Z. jujuba var. inermis based on the RCP 6.0 scenario. The experiment was performed in a soil-plant daylight system (SPDS) chamber under four conditions: Control-WW, Control-DS (Drought), RCP 6.0-WW (CO2 650 ppm, control + 3°C), and RCP 6.0-DS. Although the net photosynthetic rate (A) was higher under RCP 6.0 than the control condition, Vcmax and Jmax, which indicate the photosynthetic capacity, were lower by 19.6% and 27.8%, respectively. Furthermore, in the RCP 6.0 group, the carbon fertilization effect tended to stimulate growth; thus, the total dry weight in RCP 6.0-WW was approximately 35% higher than that in Control-WW. When the drought treatment was included, A decreased by 57% in Control-DS compared to Control-WW, and in RCP 6.0-DS, A decreased by 73% compared to RCP 6.0-WW. Moreover, RCP-DS showed the lowest values of Vcmax, Jmax, PIabs, DFabs, and SFIabs, meaning that the photosynthetic capacity and vitality of the photosynthetic apparatus were diminished under combined climate change and drought stress. Furthermore, stomatal limitations (Ls) regulated photosynthesis in Control-DS, whereas in RCP 6.0-DS, non-stomatal limitations, in this case Vcmax, Jmax, PIabs, DFabs, and SFIabs, were observed. Despite a decrease in mesophyll conductance (gm), gm/gs remained relatively high. Furthermore, even with stomatal closure, gm was maintained at a relatively high level by utilizing the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), demonstrating the plant's response to drought stress. Although there was an increase in the overall biomass, it was noted that water consumption increased under additional drought stress, showing that growth and physiological damage were aggravated. Therefore, it is essential to conduct experiments related to the growth and physiological characteristics of commercially valuable seedlings such as Jujube to identify the adverse effects of climate change alongside extreme weather. Further, active efforts with regard to plant management should be undertaken in addition to the implemented measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
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Prediction of Fruit Maturity with Starch Pattern Index in Korean Apple Cultivars
국내 육성 사과품종들의 전분지수를 통한 과실 성숙기 예측
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Jingi Yoo, Jung-Geun Kwon, In-Kyu Kang
유진기, 권중근, 강인규
- This study was conducted to evaluate the starch loss pattern and to estimate the maturity indices and harvest time of the five …
본 연구는 국내 육성 사과인 ‘루비에스’, ‘아리수’, ‘황옥’, ‘피크닉’, ‘컬러플’ 등 5품종을 대상으로 전분이 소실되는 패턴을 확인하고 코넬대학교 전분지수(starch pattern index: SPI, …
- This study was conducted to evaluate the starch loss pattern and to estimate the maturity indices and harvest time of the five Korean apple cultivars (‘RubyS’, ‘Arisoo’, ‘Hwangok’, ‘Picnic’, and ‘Colorpple’) in association with the changes of fruit quality attributes using a Cornell starch pattern index (SPI) analysis method (1-8 scores) and SPI chart development for domestic use. In 5 apple cultivars, the increase in SPI was directly related with the increase in fruit weight and soluble solids content and the decrease in flesh firmness and titratable acidity. For fruit peel coloration, the decrease in L* (indicator for brightness) and b* (indicator for yellowness) was strongly associated with the increase in SPI. In addition, the increase in a* (indicator for redness) was associated with the increase in SPI in all apple cultivars, except ‘Hwangok’, a yellow apple cultivar. A slight increase in internal ethylene concentration was also observed in all cultivars while the SPI was increased. Interestingly, the changes of SPI were different depending on each apple cultivar. Averagely, ‘RubyS’, ‘Arisoo’, ‘Hwangok’, and ‘Picnic’ apples took 3, 4, 5, and 7 days, and 7, 5, 7, and 7 days to change the SPI from 6 to 7 and from 7 to 8 scores, respectively. However, ‘Colorpple’ apple took about 10 days each to change the SPI from 6 to 7 and from 7 to 8 scores. Therefore, this study suggested that the development of SPI chart could be used as basic data to estimate the fruit maturity and harvest time of domestic apple cultivars.
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본 연구는 국내 육성 사과인 ‘루비에스’, ‘아리수’, ‘황옥’, ‘피크닉’, ‘컬러플’ 등 5품종을 대상으로 전분이 소실되는 패턴을 확인하고 코넬대학교 전분지수(starch pattern index: SPI, 1-8)에 따른 과실품질 평가, 성숙정도, 수확시기 구명 및 국내 활용을 위한 SPI 차트를 만들고자 하였다. SPI에 따른 수확 시 과실품질을 보면, 5개 품종 모두에서 SPI가 증가함에 따라 과중과 가용성 고형물 함량은 증가한 반면에, 경도와 산 함량은 감소하였다. 과피의 색 변화는 황색사과인 ‘황옥’ 사과를 제외한 모든 품종의 사과에서 전분지수가 증가할수록 색의 밝기를 나타내는 L* 값과 황색도를 나타내는 b* 값은 감소하였으나 적색도를 나타내는 a* 값은 증가하였다. 에틸렌 발생량은 SPI가 증가함에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 그 발생량은 미미하였다. 각 품종별 SPI는 모두 radical 패턴을 나타내었으며, 수확시기가 빠른 기준으로 ‘루비에스’, ‘아리수’, ‘황옥’, ‘피크닉’, 그리고 ‘컬러플’ 사과의 SPI가 6에서 7로 변화되는데 소요기간은 각각 3일, 4일, 5일, 7일, 10일이, SPI가 7에서 8로 변화되는데 소요기간은 각각 7일, 5일, 7일, 7일, 10일이 소요되어 품종에 따라 SPI가 변화되는 소요 일수는 많은 차이를 보였다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 국내 육성품종의 SPI 차트개발에 따른 과실의 성숙도 평가와 수확시기를 설정할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.
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Prediction of Fruit Maturity with Starch Pattern Index in Korean Apple Cultivars
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Research Article
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Effect of Fatty Alcohol and 6-Benzyladenine on Fruit Set and Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’ Apples
Fatty alcohol 및 6-Benzyladenine 처리가 ‘후지’ 사과의 착과와 과실품질에 미치는 영향
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Hyun-Woo Shin, Jingi Yoo, Woo-Sung Kim, Jung-Geun Kwon, Myo Win Nay, In-Kyu Kang
신현우, 유진기, 김우성, 권중근, 나이묘윈, 강인규
- This study was investigated the effect of fatty alcohol (FA) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) thinning treatments on the fruit set and fruit quality …
본 연구는 fatty alcohol(FA)과 6-benzyladenine(6-BA) 처리가 ‘후지/M.9’ 사과의 착과와 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. FA 처리 농도는 500배로 정화 중심화 80% 개화시 1회와 …
- This study was investigated the effect of fatty alcohol (FA) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) thinning treatments on the fruit set and fruit quality attributes of ‘Fuji/M.9’ apples. Trees were treated with FA (single, ×500 dilution), FA (double), 6-BA (×1,000 dilution), 6-BA (×500 dilution), FA (single) + 6-BA (×1,000 dilution), FA (double) + 6-BA (×500 dilution), and carbaryl. FA (80.5% a.i.) treatment was applied at 80% blossom of terminal flowers and 60–80% blossom of lateral flowers, and 6-BA (7.4% a.i.) and carbaryl treatments were applied at 8-mm size of central fruit. The total fruit set rate per cluster was observed 61.0% for terminal flowers and 37.3% for lateral flowers in the control but it was decreased to 35.2–50.6% for terminal flowers and 9.7–23.8% for lateral flowers in the thinning treatments, respectively. The rate of central fruit per terminal flower cluster was observed 92.6% in the control but it was 65.2–94.4% in FA and 6-BA treatments. However, the rate of non-fruit set per terminal flower cluster was observed 2.9% in the control but it was increased to 7.5–14.2% in the thinning treatments, and the rate of one fruit set per terminal flower cluster was 14.1% in the control but it was increased to 20.6–33.9% in the thinning treatments. In addition, the rate of non-fruit set per lateral flower cluster was observed 19.6% in the control but it was decreased to 32.2–69.0% in the thinning treatments. The fruit quality attributes were not different in all treatment groups at harvest, except fruit weight. Therefore, our results reveal that FA and 6-BA treatments have the significant effects in reducing the fruit rate in ‘Fuji’ apple.
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본 연구는 fatty alcohol(FA)과 6-benzyladenine(6-BA) 처리가 ‘후지/M.9’ 사과의 착과와 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. FA 처리 농도는 500배로 정화 중심화 80% 개화시 1회와 정화 중심화 80% 개화 + 액화 60–80% 개화 시 2회를 각각 처리하였고, 6-BA는 처리 농도 1,000배와 500배를 중심과 8mm 일 때 각각 처리하였다. 그리고 FA + 6-BA 혼용처리는 FA 1회 + 6-BA 1,000배와 FA 2회 + 6-BA 500배를 각각 처리하였고, carbaryl은 800배를 중심과 8mm 일 때 처리하였다. 과총당 총 착과율을 보면, 무처리구는 정화아는 61.0%였고, 액화아는 37.3%였지만 약제처리구들은 정화아는 35.2–50.6%, 액화아는 9.7–23.8%로 감소하였다. 그리고 정화아 중심과 착과율은 무처리구는 92.6%였고, 약제처리구들은 65.2–94.4%였으나, 액화아의 무처리구는 78.9%였으나 약제처리구들은 17.6–48.7%로 현저히 감소하였다. 정화아의 과총당 무착과율은 무처리구는 2.9%였지만, 약제처리구는 7.5–14.2%로 높았고, 1과 착과율의 경우도 무처리구는 14.1%였으나 약제처리구들은 20.6–33.9%로 높았다. 그리고 액화아는 무착과율이 무처리구는 19.6%였으나, 약제처리구들은 32.2–69.0%로 현저히 높았다. 그리고 수확시 과실품질은 과중을 제외하고는 모든 처리구들에서 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 FA와 6-BA 처리에 따른 ‘후지’ 사과의 착과율을 현저히 감소시키는 효과를 보였다.
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Effect of Fatty Alcohol and 6-Benzyladenine on Fruit Set and Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’ Apples
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Research Article
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Effect of the K-IBA Foliar Application on the Rooting of Geraldton Waxflower ‘Mars’ and ‘Early Nir’ Semi-hardwood Cuttings
왁스플라워 ‘Mars’와 ‘Early Nir’ 반숙지 삽목발근에 미치는 K-IBA 엽면시용 효과
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Hyun Hwan Jung, Se Jin Kim, Gyeong-Rok Yang, Young-Ran Lee
정현환, 김세진, 양경록, 이영란
- This study was carried out to improve the rooting percentage and rootstock quality of Chamelaucium uncinatum ‘Mars’ and ‘Early Nir’ semi-hardwood cuttings …
본 연구는 왁스플라워 삽목시 K-IBA 완전침지와 삽목 후 엽면살포처리로 발근율과 묘소질을 향상시킬 목적으로 수행하였다. 완전침지는 삽수 전체를 K-IBA 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000mg·L …
- This study was carried out to improve the rooting percentage and rootstock quality of Chamelaucium uncinatum ‘Mars’ and ‘Early Nir’ semi-hardwood cuttings with K-IBA total immersion or as a foliar spray application. In the total immersion case, all cuttings were immersed in K-IBA 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg·L-1 solutions for 30 seconds or for 1–4 minutes, after which they were stuck into the media. The foliar spray was applied with a solution at the same concentration to the extent that the solution dripped down from the leaf surface at one-week intervals over one, two, four, or eight weeks after cutting. Total immersion with the K-IBA 2,000 and 4,000 mg·L-1 solutions for two minutes increased the rooting ratio by more than 40% for waxflower ‘Mars’ cuttings in May. The K-IBA 500 and 1,000 mg·L-1 foliar spray applications also increased the rooting percentage by more than 50% for cuttings in Septembers. With regard to ‘Early Nir’ cutting propagation in October, the survival ratio and rooting percentage increased when immersed in the K-IBA solution, showing no adverse effects even with increasing the concentration and immersion time. The rooting percentage exceeded 50% when immersed for two and four minutes at 4,000 mg·L-1. The K-IBA foliar application also improved the survival percentage and rooting ratio, but the rooting percentage was less than 40% and decreased as the spray time was increased. From the above results, foliar spray drip down with K-IBA 500 and 1,000 mg·L-1 solutions for ‘Mars’ in September and total immersion in the K-IBA 4,000 mg·L-1 solution for two or four minutes with ‘Early Nir’ in October can be used to increase the cutting propagation efficiency of semi-hardwood cuttings, respectively.
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본 연구는 왁스플라워 삽목시 K-IBA 완전침지와 삽목 후 엽면살포처리로 발근율과 묘소질을 향상시킬 목적으로 수행하였다. 완전침지는 삽수 전체를 K-IBA 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000mg·L-1 용액에 30초, 1, 2, 4분간 담근 후 삽목하였고, 엽면살포는 삽목 후 동일한 농도의 용액을 1주간격으로 1, 2, 4, 8주간 약액이 엽면에서 흘러내릴 정도로 살포하였다. 왁스플라워 ‘Mars’는 5월 삽목시 K-IBA 2,000, 4,000mg·L-1 용액에 2분간 완전침지 후 삽목하였을 때 발근율이 40% 이상까지 높아졌으며, 9월 삽목에서는 K-IBA 500, 1,000mg·L-1 용액을 엽면살포하였을 때 발근율이 50% 이상까지 증가하였다. ‘Early Nir’는 10월 삽목시 완전침지 처리는 K-IBA농도가 증가할수록 생존율과 발근율을 향상시켰으며, 농도와 처리시간 증가에 따른 역효과는 나타나지 않았다. K-IBA 2,000, 4,000mg·L-1 용액에 2, 4분간 침지하면 발근율이 50% 이상으로 향상되었으며, 엽면살포 처리도 생존율과 발근율을 대조구에 비해 향상시켰으나 최대 발근율은 40% 이하로 낮았으며 살포횟수가 증가할 수록 효과는 감소하였다. 위의 결과로부터 생존율, 발근율, 묘소질을 종합적으로 고려할 때 ‘Mars’는 9월 삽목 시 K-IBA 500, 1,000mg·L-1 용액을 엽면살포하고, ‘Early Nir’는 10월 삽목시 삽수를 4,000mg·L-1 용액에 2, 4분간 완전침지하는 것이 삽목 증식효율을 각각 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.
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Effect of the K-IBA Foliar Application on the Rooting of Geraldton Waxflower ‘Mars’ and ‘Early Nir’ Semi-hardwood Cuttings
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Research Article
- Fermentation of Oak Tree Sawdust affects Peanut Sprout Growth and Fungal Microbiomes
- Kibum Kim, Kisung Ko, Yang Joo Kang, Taewon Yang, Soyeon Oh, Seung-Won Lee, Moon-Soo Kim, Young Koung Lee, Mi Kyung Kim
- This study demonstrated that the fermentation of oak tree sawdust increases peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed germination, sprout biomass, and the …
- This study demonstrated that the fermentation of oak tree sawdust increases peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed germination, sprout biomass, and the total vigor index (TVI). The seed germination rate (0, 3.9, 30.8, and 65.4%) varied significantly among the different fermentation treatments (0, 30, 45, and 60 days, respectively). Seedlings grown in the sawdust with the 60-day fermentation period showed the highest weight (2.8 g) with the longest epicotyl with true leaves (2.5 cm), hypocotyls (2.4 cm), and roots (6.6 cm), consequently having the highest TVI (629.23). Seedlings grown for 0 and 30 days in fermented sawdust had the lowest TVIs (32.7 and 0, respectively). In a microbiome analysis, the fungal community varied among the different fermentation treatments, suggesting that the fungal community affects the seed germination physiology. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
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Analysis of the Time-related Dynamics Growth and Developmental Characteristics of Standard Chrysanthemum Varieties ‘Baekma’ and ‘Iwanohakusen’
스탠다드 절화 국화 ‘백마’와 ‘백선’의 시계열에 따른 동적 생육 특성 분석
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GyuHyeon Park, Young Boon Lee, Eun Hye Lee, Jeong Hyun Lee
박규현, 이영분, 이은혜, 이정현
- This study sought to analyze and compare the growth parameters of the two standard chrysanthemum varieties of ‘Baekma’ and ‘Iwanohakusen’ using the …
본 연구는 작물 생장 모형과 빅데이터 분석을 위한 동적 생육자료 확보를 위해 스탠다드 절화 국화 ‘백마’와 ‘백선’의 시계열에 따른 생육량 측정값을 Gompertz와 …
- This study sought to analyze and compare the growth parameters of the two standard chrysanthemum varieties of ‘Baekma’ and ‘Iwanohakusen’ using the Gompertz and the expolinear growth function to obtain dynamic growth data for a crop growth model and a big data analysis. The photoperiod was processed for 16 hours for 50 days after planting and then for 11.5 hours until the end of the experiment. The plant height, leaf area, and the number of internodes showed a sigmoid growth pattern over time. The dynamics of growth and development of both cultivars are significantly described in measurement datasets for more than 98% R2 with the parameters of maximum growth or development (ymax), the relative growth or developmental rate (k), number of days to reach maximum growth or the developmental rate (tinf) of the Gompertz growth function. The total fresh weights of both cultivars increase linearly after the exponential increase. The fresh weights for both cultivars over time are significantly described in the measurement data sets by the three parameters of the maximum absolute growth rate (cm), maximum relative growth rate (rm), and days to reach the linear growth phase (tb) of the expolinear growth function (R2 > 0.98). The dynamic changes in the plant height, leaf area, and the number of internodes are well described by the parameters of the Gompertz growth function. The total fresh weight is well explained by the parameters of the expolinear growth function. The Gompertz and expolinear growth functions can be useful statistical tools for analyzing and summarizing growth rates of standard chrysanthemums over time. It is concluded that the growth functions and parameters of the dynamics of growth and development of standard cut chrysanthemums can be used as important growth indicators considering the growth time at production sites.
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본 연구는 작물 생장 모형과 빅데이터 분석을 위한 동적 생육자료 확보를 위해 스탠다드 절화 국화 ‘백마’와 ‘백선’의 시계열에 따른 생육량 측정값을 Gompertz와 expolinear 생장모델을 이용하여 주요 생육지표를 분석하고자 수행되었다. 일장조건은 삽목 이후부터 50일 동안 16시간 장일처리 하였고, 이후 실험 종료일까지 주간의 길이를 11.5시간으로 단일처리 하였다. 시계열에 따른 초장, 엽면적, 절간 수의 변화는 sigmoid형 생육 패턴을 나타냈다. Gompertz 생장 모델의 최대 값(ymax), 상대 생장률(k), 최대 절대 생장률에 도달한 정식 후 일수(tinf), intercept(y0)의 매개변수와 함께 초장, 절간 수, 엽면적 측정값의 98% 이상을 유의적으로 설명하였다. 국화의 시계열에 따른 총생체중의 변화는 지수적 생장 이후 선형적으로 증가하여, 지수선형함수의 파라미터인 최대 절대 생장률(cm), 최대 상대 생장률(rm), 지수생장에서 선형 생장으로 변화되는 정식 후 일수(tb)와 함께 측정된 값의 98% 이상 유의적으로 설명할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 품종에 관계없이 시계열에 따른 초장, 엽면적, 절간 수의 다이내믹한 변화는 Gompertz 생장함수의 파라미터를 이용하여 유의적으로 묘사할 수 있었고, 두 품종의 생육 특성을 분석과 요약하는데 적합한 통계적 도구로 활용할 수 있었다. 또한 품종에 따른 총 생체중의 변화는 expolinear 생장함수의 매개변수를 이용하여 요약하고 생장률을 분석할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 사용된 스탠다드 절화 국화의 동적 생육에 대한 생장함수와 각 함수의 파라미터는 절화 국화 생산현장에서 정식 일 수에 따른 중요한 생육 지표로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.
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Analysis of the Time-related Dynamics Growth and Developmental Characteristics of Standard Chrysanthemum Varieties ‘Baekma’ and ‘Iwanohakusen’
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Research Article
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Estimation of Days after Transplanting using an Artificial Intelligence CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) Model in a Closed-type Plant Factory
완전제어형 식물공장에서 인공지능 CNN(Convolutional Neural Network)모델을 이용한 상추의 정식 후 일수 예측
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Youngtaek Baek, Seounggwan Sul, Young-Yeol Cho
백영택, 설성관, 조영열
- It is important to measure the growth status in real time during the cultivation of crops. In a fully controlled plant factory, …
작물의 재배에서 실시간으로 생육상태를 측정하는 것은 중요하다. 완전제어형 식물공장에서는 정확한 환경관리와 재배식물의 균일한 생육으로 인해 정식 후 일수(DAT)가 생육상태의 지표가 될 수 …
- It is important to measure the growth status in real time during the cultivation of crops. In a fully controlled plant factory, the number of days after transplanting (DAT) can be an indicator of growth status due to accurate environmental management and the uniform growth of cultivated plants. This study was conducted to estimate the number of DAT of lettuce through image data using an artificial intelligence model in a closed plant factory system. The seedlings used were the 'Thimble' variety of green lettuce from Nunhems, and image data were collected according to the number of DAT. The RGB ratio was set to 8:1:1, and the amount of light was adjusted to 265(±50) μmol·m-2·s-1 with a photoperiod of 12 hours. The cultivation environment maintained a temperature of 19–21°C, relative humidity of 55–65%, and CO2 in the range of 500–800 μmol·mol-1. Through three experiments conducted in identical environments, images were taken according to the date of growth from 12 specimens of ‘Thimble’ in total. In all three duplicated experiments, images were collected 4th, 8th, 12th, 15th, 18th, and 22nd DAT. Among collected image set, 240 images from ten objects were used for learning dataset and 48 images from two objects were used to test dataset the accuracy of the generated artificial intelligence model. The artificial intelligence model created through the convolutional neural network (CNN) generated with Python's TensorFlow had a test accuracy rate of 91.7%, and the artificial intelligence model created through a teachable machine showed accuracy of 86.7% for the test samples in this experiment. The number of DAT was predicted with the maximum probability. In this research, although the artificial intelligence model was created with a small amount of image data, it showed significantly high accuracy due to the characteristics of the plant factory where standardized image data were produced by precise environmental control and the uniform growth of the cultivated plants. Given the nature of the artificial neural network, which increase the accuracy of the model as more data are inputted, it is expected that the artificial intelligence model will become more precise if more image data can be collected through additional experiments in the future. Through these efforts, it will be possible to have a system capable of checking and offering feedback of the growth of cultivated plants in real time by introducing artificial intelligence prediction and discrimination to the plant factory cultivation site.
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작물의 재배에서 실시간으로 생육상태를 측정하는 것은 중요하다. 완전제어형 식물공장에서는 정확한 환경관리와 재배식물의 균일한 생육으로 인해 정식 후 일수(DAT)가 생육상태의 지표가 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 폐쇄형 식물공장 시스템에서 인공지능 모델을 이용하여 상추의 DAT를 이미지 데이터를 통해 추정하기 위해 수행되었다. 사용된 종묘는 Nunhems사의 청상추 ‘Thimble’품종으로, DAT별 이미지 데이터를 수집하였고 재배시스템은 NFT 시스템[240×60×200cm(L×W×H)]이었으며 LED 조명 RGB의 비율은 8:1:1로 세팅하였고 12시간 일장으로 광량은 265(±50)µmol·m-2·s-1로 조절하였다. 재배 환경은 온도 19–21°C, 상대습도 55–65%, CO2 500–800µmol·mol-1였다. 동일한 환경에서 수행한 3번의 실험을 통해 총 12개체의 ‘Thimble’에서 DAT별 이미지를 촬영하였다. 모든 실험에서 정식 4일, 8일, 12일, 15일, 18일과 22일 후에 중복으로 이미지 데이터를 확보하였다. 수집된 DAT별 이미지 데이터 중 10개체에서 촬영된 총 240장의 이미지 데이터는 학습에 사용하였고, 학습에 사용되지 않은 2개체의 총 48장의 이미지 데이터는 인공지능 모델의 정확도를 검정하기 위해 사용하였다. 파이썬의 텐서플로를 활용하여 생성한 합성곱 신경망(CNN)을 통해 생성된 인공지능 모델은 검정 정확도가 91.7%였으며, 티처블 머신을 통해 생성한 인공지능 모델은 86.7%의 검정 샘플에서 정확한 정식 후 일수를 최대확률로 예측하였다. 본 실험의 경우, 적은 수의 이미지 데이터로 생성한 인공지능 모델이지만, 생육 환경을 정밀하게 조절할 수 있고 재배 식물의 생장 상태가 균일하여 규격화된 이미지 데이터가 생산되는 식물공장의 특성에 의해 통계적으로 유의미한 정확도를 보였다. 데이터가 많아질수록 모델의 정확도가 상승하는 인공신경망의 특성으로 미루어 추후 실험들을 통하여 더 많은 이미지 데이터를 수집한다면 인공지능 모델이 보다 더 정밀해질 것으로 보인다. 이를 통해 식물공장 재배 현장에 인공지능 예측, 판별을 도입하여 재배 식물의 생장을 실시간으로 확인하고 피드백할 수 있는 시스템을 갖출 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
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Estimation of Days after Transplanting using an Artificial Intelligence CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) Model in a Closed-type Plant Factory
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Research Article
- Improving the Quality of Cut Hydrangea Flowers on Treatments of CO2 Fertilization under Pre-harvest and Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed (HOCl) Water under Postharvest
- Hee Won Kim, Tae Ho Han, Young Boon Lee
- This study investigates the effect of CO2 fertilization before harvest using 800 mol·mol-1 from November 2021 to May 2022 and …
- This study investigates the effect of CO2 fertilization before harvest using 800 mol·mol-1 from November 2021 to May 2022 and vase solution treatment using slightly acidic electrolyzed water (HOCl 5 µL·L-1, pH 5.0–6.5) after harvest of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Moonstar’. The CO2 fertilization + HOCl treatment was the longest extension of the vase life and the largest total vase solution uptake. The vase solution treatment of HOCl influenced the vase life to a greater extent than by CO2 fertilization. In the CO2 fertilization treatment, the HOCl treatment reduced the number of bacteria on the end of stems by 54% compared to that achieved without HOCl treatment. It was higher on the relatively fresh weight and vase solution uptake in CO2 fertilization + HOCl treatment than that of control after 6 days of treatment. The CO2 fertilization + TW or HOCl treatments maintained the initial fresh weight for up to 6 days after treatment. There was no difference in the ΔE value, and chlorophyll contents of leaves and flower size did not differ in all treatments. Therefore, the initial sterilization on the end of stems after harvest was an essential factor for improving the quality of cut hydrangea flowers. The vase solution treatment of HOCl 5 µL·L-1 after harvest extended the vase life of cut hydrangea flowers. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
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Transcriptome Analysis of Pepper-Phytophthora infestans Interaction Based on a Pipeline of a Simplified and Effective RNA-seq Analysis (PoRAS)
PoRAS 파이프라인 구축 기반 고추-감자역병균 상호작용 전사체 분석
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Junesung Lee, Hagki Jang, Won-Hee Kang, Seon-In Yeom
이준성, 장학기, 강원희, 염선인
- Crop productivity is threatened by a variety of pathogens. As a mean by which to solve this problem, research to identify resistance …
작물 생산성은 다양한 병원균에 의해 크게 위협받고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방법으로 식물-병 상호작용 전사체 활용을 통해 저항성 기작 및 핵심 인자 …
- Crop productivity is threatened by a variety of pathogens. As a mean by which to solve this problem, research to identify resistance mechanisms and key factors through the use of plant-disease interaction transcripts is being actively conducted. The discovery of key factors through the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique has been used in various studies, but the use of an optimized and simplified analysis pipeline is limited due to its complex and diverse programs. In this study, we present a pipeline of a simplified and effective RNA-seq analysis (PoRAS) for a transcriptome core analysis, with RNA-seq data of pepper-phytophthora infestans interaction global gene profiling, differential gene expression (DEG), and a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) then performed to validate the PoRAS. Data preprocessing and quality checks were conducted for a total of 39 transcripts using the established transcriptome analysis pipeline, and it was confirmed that 84.87–92.38% of high-quality sequences remained in each dataset. Subsequently, 2,594 DEGs were obtained through a DEG analysis, and the function of the gene cluster was confirmed through a GSEA. This led to the confirmation that the functions of the defense response, response to a biological stimulus, and the recognition of pollen appeared most significantly. These results suggest that PoRAS can be a useful tool for basic and core analyses to find and identify key genetic factors from a large amount of RNA-seq data. Through this, the analysis pipeline presented in this study, PoRAS, is deemed feasible as a strategy to secure key genetic factors if used to conduct basic to core analysis stages targeting a large amount of RNA-seq information.
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작물 생산성은 다양한 병원균에 의해 크게 위협받고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방법으로 식물-병 상호작용 전사체 활용을 통해 저항성 기작 및 핵심 인자 규명 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. NGS기법을 통한 핵심인자 발굴은 다양한 연구에서 사용되어지고 있지만 복잡하고 다양한 프로그램으로 인해 최적화된 분석 파이프라인은 알려지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 고추-감자역병 상호작용 전사체를 기반으로 핵심 유전인자 선발을 위한 핵심분석을 위한 사용자 편의성 증대 분석 파이프라인(pipeline of simplified and effective RNA-seq analysis, PoRAS)을 제시하고 고추와 감자역병균 상호 반응 유전자 전체에 대한 프로파일링을 수행했다. 구축된 전사체 분석 파이프라인을 활용하여 총 39개의 전사체를 대상으로 데이터 preprocessing 및 quality check을 수행했고, 각 데이터에서 84.87–92.38%의 고품질 서열이 남은 것을 확인하였다. 이후 DEG 분석을 통해 2,594개의 DEG를 확보하였으며 이후 GSEA를 통한 유전자 군집의 기능을 확인하였다. 그 결과 defense response, response of biology stimulus 및 recognition of pollen 등의 기능이 가장 유의하게 나타난 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서 제시한 분석 파이프라인, PoRAS는 대량의 RNA-seq 정보를 대상으로 기본에서 핵심 분석 단계를 통해 유의미한 정보를 확보할 수 있으며 이는 전사체 분석을 통한 핵심 유전인자의 확보를 위한 전략으로 사용될 수 있다.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Pepper-Phytophthora infestans Interaction Based on a Pipeline of a Simplified and Effective RNA-seq Analysis (PoRAS)
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Erratum
- Photosynthetic Changes and Growth of Paprika Transplants as Affected by Root-zone Cooling Methods under High Air Temperature Conditions after Transplanting
- Byungkwan Lee, Minh Duy Pham, Jaewook Shin, Meiyan Cui, Hyein Lee, Jeesang Myung, Haeyoung Na, and Changhoo Chun