Relationship between the Temperature Characteristics and the Occurrence of Watercore at Various Altitudes in ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ Apples

Soon Ki Kim; Dong Geun Choi; Young Min Choi

doi:10.7235/HORT.20230051

All Issue

2023 Vol.41, Issue 5 Preview Page Next Page

Research Article

Relationship between the Temperature Characteristics and the Occurrence of Watercore at Various Altitudes in ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ Apples 사과 ‘홍로’와 ‘후지’의 지대별 밀 발생과 온도특성과의 관계

31 October 2023. pp. 595-604

PDF XML

Abstract

This study investigated the aspects of watercore symptoms due to climate condition in three different regions (coast: a coastal farm at an altitude of 12 meters, plains: an inland farm at an altitude of 44 meters, mountain: a highland farm at an altitude of 541 meters) in the Jeonbuk area of ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh). The pattern of watercore occurrence showed a water-soaked form without various regional distinctions, with the watercore tending to move toward the ovary as the apples approached maturity. In addition, ‘Hongro’ had a higher degree of watercore occurrence than ‘Fuji’ apples. As a result of comparing the watercore occurrence and temperature characteristics associated with the fruit maturation period, the results for ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ apples were found to be closely related to the daily maximum temperature when it exceeded 30°C and the daily minimum temperature when it was less than 10°C, respectively. Therefore, watercore occurrence in ‘Hongro’ apples was found to be a ‘maturity, high-temperature responsive type’ caused by high temperatures, and that in ‘Fuji’ apples was a ‘maturity, low-temperature responsive type’ caused by low temperatures during the fruit maturation period. Among the fruit quality factors, the number of seeds was significantly higher in normal fruits than in watercored fruits, but there were no significant differences in other factors. The relative free sugar contents were in the order of fructose > sucrose, glucose > sorbitol for the two cultivars. Also, watercored tissue showed higher sorbitol levels and lower glucose and sucrose levels than normal tissue (in normal fruit and normal tissue inside the watercored fruit).

Keywords

daily maximum temperature

daily minimum temperature

Malus domestica

sorbitol

sugar contents

본 연구는 사과 ‘홍로’와 ‘후지’(Malus domestica Borkh)를 대상으로 재배지역 고도(해안부: 해발고도 12m의 해안가 인접 과원, 평야부: 해발고도 44m의 내륙평야부 과원, 산간부: 해발고도 541m에 위치한 과원)의 기상 특성에 따라 밀 증상 발생정도와 양상의 차이를 구명하고자 수행하였다. 밀 발생 양상은 지대 구분없이 수침상의 형태로 나타났으며, 수확기에 이르러 씨방쪽으로 이동하는 경향이었다. 또한 상대적으로 ‘홍로’가 ‘후지’ 사과보다 발생정도가 심하였다. 과실 성숙기 밀 발생과 온도특성을 비교한 결과, ‘홍로’와 ‘후지’는 각각 일최고온도와 30°C 이상, 일최저온도와 10°C 미만 온도와 밀접한 관계가 있었다. 따라서 ‘홍로’의 밀 발생은 과실 성숙기 고온에 의해 나타나는 ‘성숙기, 고온 반응형’, ‘후지’는 저온에 의해 나타나는 ‘성숙기, 저온 반응형’인 것으로 조사되었다. 과실품질 중 종자 개수는 정상과가 밀 증상과 보다 유의하게 높았으나 다른 조사항목에서는 통계적 차이가 없었다. 상대적인 유리당 함량은 두 품종 모두 fructose > sucrose, glucose > sorbitol의 순서로 나타났다. 또한 밀 증상 조직은 정상 조직(정상 과실 및 밀 증상과의 정상 조직)보다 sorbitol 함량이 많고 glucose 및 fructose의 함량이 낮게 나타났다.

키워드

일최고온도

일최저온도

Malus domestica

솔비톨

유리당 함량

References

Argenta L, Fan X, Mattheis JP (2002) Impact of watercore on gas permeance and incidence of internal disorders in 'Fuji' apples. Postharvest Biol Technol 24:113-122. doi:10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00137-5 10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00137-5

Bennedsen BS, Peterson DL (2005) An optical method for detecting watercore and mealiness in apples. Trans ASAE 48:1819-1826. doi:10.13031/2013.19979 10.13031/2013.19979

Bieleski RL (2000) The bigger picture - phloem seen through horticultural eyes. Aust Plant Physiol 27:615-624. doi:10.1071/PP99148 10.1071/PP99148

Bowen JH, Watkins CB (1997) Fruit maturity, carbohydrate and mineral content relationships with watercore in 'Fuji' apples. Postharvest Biology Technol 11:31-38. doi:10.1016/S0925-5214(97)01409-9 10.1016/S0925-5214(97)01409-9

Carne WM, Martin D (1934) Apple investigations in Tasmania: miscellaneous notes. J Council Sci Ind Res 7:203-214. doi:10.2307/4111665 10.2307/4111665

Dart JA, Newman SM (2005) Watercore of Apples. Prime facts 49 NSW Department of Primary Industries, p 2 ISSN1832-6668

Foshey CG, Elfving DA (1989) The relationship between vegetative growth and fruiting in apple. Hort Rev 11:229-287. doi:10.1002/9781118060841.ch7 10.1002/9781118060841.ch7

Francesconi AHD, Watkins CB, Lakso AN, Nyrop JP, Barnard J, Denning SS (1996) Interactions of European red mite and crop load on maturity and quality, mineral concentrations, and economic value of 'Starkrimson Delicious' apples. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 121:967-972. doi:10.21273/JASHS.121.5.967 10.21273/JASHS.121.5.967

Gao Z, Jayanty S, Beaudry R, Loescher W (2005) Sorbitol transporter expression in apple sink tissues: implications for fruit sugar accumulation and watercore development. J Am Soc Hort Sci 130:261-268. doi:10.21273/JASHS.130.2.261 10.21273/JASHS.130.2.261

Hampsen SR, Kemp KE (2003) Characteristics of important commercial apple cultivars. Apple: Botany, production and uses. Ferree DC, Warrington IJ (Eds) CABI Publishing Cambridge, MA, USA, pp 61-89. doi:10.1079/9780851995922.0061 10.1079/9780851995922.0061

Harker FR, Watkins CB, Brookfield PL, Miller MJ, Reid S, Jackson PJ, Bieleski RL, Bratley T (1999) Maturity and regional influences on watercore development and its postharvest disappearance in 'Fuji' apples. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 124:166-172. doi:10.21273/JASHS.124.2.166 10.21273/JASHS.124.2.166

Herremans E, Melado-Herreros A, Defraeye T, Verlinden B, Hertog M, Verboven P, Val J, Fernandez-Valle ME, Bongaers E, et al. (2014) Comparison of X-ray CT and MRI of watercore disorder of different apple cultivars. Postharvest Biol Technol 87:42-50. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.08.008 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.08.008

Kasai S, Arakawa O (2010) Antioxidant levels in watercore tissue in 'Fuji' apples during storage. Postharvest Biol Technol 55:103-107. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.08.008 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.08.008

Kim SO, Chung U, Kim SH, Choi IM, Yun JI (2009) The suitable region and site for 'Fuji' apple under the projected climate in south Korea. Kor J Agric Forest Meteol 11:162-173. doi:10.5532/KJAFM.2009.11.4.162 10.5532/KJAFM.2009.11.4.162

Lee YS, Lee JT, Shim KM, Hwang KH (2002) Estimation of full bloom stage of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fugi) in Chungju area. Kor J Agric Forest Meteol 4:114-118

Marlow GC, Loescher WH (1984) Watercore. Hort Rev 6:189-234. doi:10.1002/9781118060797.ch6 10.1002/9781118060797.ch6

Melado-Herreros A, Munoz-Garcia MA, Blanco A, Val J, Fernandez-Valle ME, Barreiro P (2013) Assessment of watercore development in apples with MRI: effect of fruit location in the canopy. Postharvest Biol Technol 86:125-133. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.06.030 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.06.030

Murneek AE, Logan JC (1932) Autumnal migration of nitrogen and carbohydrates in the apple tree with special reference to leaves. University of Missouri, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, MO, USA

Park MY, Song YY, Han HH, Sagong DH (2009) Influence of air temperature during the growing period on watercore occurrence in "Hongro" apple cultivar and the matigation technique. Kor J Agric Forest Meteo 11:100-110. doi:10.5532/KJAFM.2009.11.3.100 10.5532/KJAFM.2009.11.3.100

Rural Development Administration (RDA) (2016) Standard farming handbook 'Apple'. Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea

Seo BS (2011) Characteristics of growth and fruit quality of 'Hongro' apple trees at various altitude in Jangsu, Korea. Doctorate thesis. Jeonbuk Univ, Jeonju, Korea

Seo JH, Chun JP, Han CH (2007) Relationship between sugar compositions and watercore in 'Hongro' apples. Kor Hort Sci Technol 25:95

Suzuki T, Sasaki Y, Kuroda K, Oosawa K (2003) Histological features and dynamics of the development of water core in apple (Malus domestica) fruit. Proc Acta Horticulturae 628:495-500. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.628.61 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.628.61

Watkins CB (2003) Principles and practices of postharvest handling and stress. Apples; Botany, production and uses. Ferree DC, Warrington IJ (Eds) CAB Publishing, Cambridge, MA, USA. 585-614. doi:10.1079/9780851995922.0585 10.1079/9780851995922.0585

Williams MW, Billingsley HD (1973) Watercore development in apple fruits as related to sorbitol levels in the tree sap and to minimum temperatures. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 98:205-207. doi:10.21273/JASHS.98.2.205 10.21273/JASHS.98.2.205

Yamada H, Itano A, Amano S (2004) Relationship between sunlight exposure of fruit and fruit temperature, sorbitol and early watercore occurrence in 'Orin' apples. Hort Res (Japan) 3:91-95. doi:10.2503/hrj.3.91 10.2503/hrj.3.91

Yamada H, Kamio M, Amano S (2005a) Varietal differences in susceptibility to early or high temperature-induced watercore in apples. J Jpn Soc Hort Sci 74:115-120. doi:10.2503/jjshs.74.115 10.2503/jjshs.74.115

Yamada H, Morita T, Amano S (2005b) Water relations in fruit, leaves and stems of two apple cultivars that differ in susceptibility to watercore. J Hort Sci Biotechnol 80:70-74. doi:10.1080/14620316.2005.11511894 10.1080/14620316.2005.11511894

Yamada H, Okumura T, Miyazaki Y, Amano S (2006a) Seasonal changes in cellular compartmentation and membrane permeability to sugars in relation to early or high temperature-induced watercore in 'Orin' apples. J Hort Sci Biotechnol 81:1069-1073. doi:10.1080/14620316.2006.11512173 10.1080/14620316.2006.11512173

Yamada H, Kaga Y, Amano S (2006b) Cellular compartmentation and membrane permeability to sugars in relation to early or high temperature-induced watercore in apples. Sci Hort 108:29-34. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2006.01.002 10.1016/j.scienta.2006.01.002

Zupan A, Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Stampar F, Veberic R (2016) Sugar and phenol content in apple with or without watercore. J Sci Food Agric 96:2845-2850. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7453 10.1002/jsfa.745326346698

Information

Publisher :KOREAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE
Publisher(Ko) :한국원예학회
Journal Title :Horticultural Science and Technology
Journal Title(Ko) :원예과학기술지
Volume : 41
No :5
Pages :595-604
Received Date : 2023-05-05
Revised Date : 2023-06-19
Accepted Date : 2023-06-19
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20230051

Horticultural Science and Technology 원예과학기술지 ISSN:1226-8763(Print) 2465-8588(Online)

All Issue