Research Article

Abstract
References
1

Agus R, Pipoz L, Avino F, Lavrikova A, Myers B, Furno I (2024) Plasma-activated water retains antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli after 72 h of storage. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 67:015014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ad9950

10.1088/1361-6587/ad9950
2

Albert F, Couprie ME, Debus A, Downer MC, Faure J, Flacco A, Gizzi LA, Grismayer T, Huebl A, et al. (2021) 2020 roadmap on plasma accelerators. New J Phys 23:031101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/abcc62

10.1088/1367-2630/abcc62
3

Al-Khayri JM, Sahana GR, Nagella P, Joseph BV, Alessa FM, Al-Mssallem MQ (2022) Flavonoids as potential anti-inflammatory molecules: A review. Molecules 27:2901. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092901

10.3390/molecules2709290135566252PMC9100260
4

Arumugam A, Razis AFA (2018) Apoptosis as a mechanism of the cancer chemopreventive activity of glucosinolates: A review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 19:1439. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.6.1439

10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.6.143929936713PMC6103590
5

Baenas N, Gómez-Jodar I, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C, Periago PM (2017) Broccoli and radish sprouts are safe and rich in bioactive phytochemicals. Postharvest Biol Technol 127:60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.01.010

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.01.010
6

Becker TM, Juvik JA (2016) The role of glucosinolate hydrolysis products from Brassica vegetable consumption in inducing antioxidant activity and reducing cancer incidence. Diseases 4:22. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases4020022

10.3390/diseases402002228933402PMC5456278
7

Bender J, Celenza JL (2009) Indolic glucosinolates at the crossroads of tryptophan metabolism. Phytochem Rev 8:25–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-008-9111-7

10.1007/s11101-008-9111-7
8

Bouslimi H, Ferreira R, Dridi N, Brito P, Martins-Dias S, Caçador I, Sleimi N (2021) Effects of barium stress in Brassica juncea and Cakile maritima: The indicator role of some antioxidant enzymes and secondary metabolites. Phyton-Int J Exp Bot 90:145-158. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2020.011752

10.32604/phyton.2020.011752
9

Capitulino JD, Lima GSd, Azevedo CAVd, Silva AARd, Arruda TFdL, Soares LAdA, Gheyi HR, Dantas Fernandes P, Sobral de Farias MS, et al. (2023) Influence of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on gas exchange, photochemical efficiency, and growth of soursop under salt stress. Plants 12:599. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030599

10.3390/plants1203059936771685PMC9920684
10

Castro JL, Lima-Melo Y, Carvalho FE, Feitosa AG, Lima Neto MC, Caverzan A, Margis-Pinheiro M, Silveira JA (2018) Ascorbic acid toxicity is related to oxidative stress and enhanced by high light and knockdown of chloroplast ascorbate peroxidases in rice plants. Theor Exp Plant Physiol 30:41–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-018-0100-y

10.1007/s40626-018-0100-y
11

Caverzan A, Passaia G, Rosa SB, Ribeiro CW, Lazzarotto F, Margis-Pinheiro M (2012) Plant responses to stresses: role of ascorbate peroxidase in the antioxidant protection. Genet Mol Biol 35:1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572012000600016

10.1590/S1415-47572012000600016
12

Černý M, Habanova H, Berka M, Luklova M, Brzobohatý B (2018) Hydrogen peroxide: its role in plant biology and crosstalk with signalling networks. Int J Mol Sci 19:2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092812

10.3390/ijms1909281230231521PMC6163176
13

Chu C, Poore RC, Bolton MD, Fugate KK (2022) Mechanism of sugarbeet seed germination enhanced by hydrogen peroxide. Front Plant Sci 13:888519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.888519

10.3389/fpls.2022.88851935548268PMC9082935
14

Dai H, Jia G, Shan C (2015) Jasmonic acid-induced hydrogen peroxide activates MEK1/2 in upregulating the redox states of ascorbate and glutathione in wheat leaves. Acta Physiol Plant 37:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-015-1956-y

10.1007/s11738-015-1956-y
15

Dynowski M, Schaaf G, Loque D, Moran O, Ludewig U (2008) Plant plasma membrane water channels conduct the signalling molecule H2O2. Biochem J 414:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20080287

10.1042/BJ20080287
16

Ebert AW (2022) Sprouts and microgreens—novel food sources for healthy diets. Plants 11:571. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040571

10.3390/plants1104057135214902PMC8877763
17

Gantait A, Masih SA, Addesso R, Maxton A, Sofo A (2024) Glucosinolates mediated regulation of enzymatic activity in response to oxidative stress in Brassica spp. Plants 13:3422. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233422

10.3390/plants1323342239683215PMC11644629
18

Garcia-Ibañez P, Núñez-Sánchez MA, Oliva-Bolarín A, Martínez-Sánchez MA, Ramos-Molina B, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Moreno DA (2023) Anti-inflammatory potential of digested Brassica sprout extracts in human macrophage-like HL-60 cells. Food Funct 14:112–121. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2FO02914F

10.1039/D2FO02914F
19

Gechev TS, Hille J (2005) Hydrogen peroxide as a signal controlling plant programmed cell death. J Cell Biol 168:17–20. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200409170

10.1083/jcb.20040917015631987PMC2171664
20

Gholizadeh A, Kohnehrouz BB (2010) Activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase as a key component of the antioxidative system of salt-challenged maize leaves. Braz J Plant Physiol 22:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202010000400001

10.1590/S1677-04202010000400001
21

Glawischnig E, Hansen BG, Olsen CE, Halkier BA (2004) Camalexin is synthesized from indole-3-acetaldoxime, a key branching point between primary and secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8245–8250. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0305876101

10.1073/pnas.030587610115148388PMC419588
22

Guo D, Liu H, Zhang X, Ma X, Shi Y, Mao J, Zhao Z, Tu Z (2025a) Inactivation and inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by plasma-activated water long-lived species. J Phys D Appl Phys 58:095206. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad9dfa

10.1088/1361-6463/ad9dfa
23

Guo D, Zhang X, Liu H, Shi Y, Ma X, Fan R, Hao W, Tu Z (2025b) Bidirectional effect of plasma‐activated water on fungi: Promotion and inactivation of Botrytis cinerea. Plasma Process Polym e2400274. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.202400274

10.1002/ppap.202400274
24

Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MB, Anee TI, Parvin K, Nahar K, Mahmud JA, Fujita M (2019) Regulation of ascorbate-glutathione pathway in mitigating oxidative damage in plants under abiotic stress. Antioxidants 8:384. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090384

10.3390/antiox809038431505852PMC6770940
25

He Y, Zhang Q, Ma X, Guo D, Xu Q, Yu P, Du J (2025) Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal effects of carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes on Suaeda salsa under saline-alkali stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 110462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110462

10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110462
26

Holmstrom M, Lester M, Sanchez-Cano B (2024) Future opportunities in solar system plasma science through ESA’s exploration programme. npj Microgravity 10:29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-024-00373-9

10.1038/s41526-024-00373-938486087PMC10940603
27

Hooijmaijers C, Rhee JY, Kwak KJ, Chung GC, Horie T, Katsuhara M, Kang H (2012) Hydrogen peroxide permeability of plasma membrane aquaporins of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Plant Res 125:147–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-011-0413-2

10.1007/s10265-011-0413-2
28

Hou D, Bai F, Dong P, Chen J, Zhang Y, Meng F, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Zhang Y, et al. (2023) Recent development of low temperature plasma technology for lithium-ion battery materials. J Power Sources 584:233599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233599

10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233599
29

Hýskova V, Ryslava H (2018) Hyperosmotic versus hypoosmotic stress in plants. Biochem Anal Biochem 7:1–4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.1000e170

10.4172/2161-1009.1000e170
30

ISO (2019) Rapeseed and rapeseed meals — Determination of glucosinolates content — Method using high-performance liquid chromatography. ISO Standard 9167:1–28

31

Jahan A, Khan MMA, Ahmad B, Ahmed KBM, Pandey RP, Gulfishan M (2023) Hydrogen peroxide: regulator of plant development and abiotic stress response. In: Faizan, M., Hayat, S., Ahmed, S.M. (eds) Reactive Oxygen Species: Prospects in Plant Metabolism, Springer, Singapore, pp 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9794-5_12

10.1007/978-981-19-9794-5_12
32

Jeschke V, Weber K, Moore SS, Burow M (2019) Coordination of glucosinolate biosynthesis and turnover under different nutrient conditions. Front Plant Sci 10:1560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01560

10.3389/fpls.2019.0156031867028PMC6909823
33

Ka DH, Priatama RA, Park JY, Park SJ, Kim SB, Lee IA, Lee YK (2021) Plasma-activated water modulates root hair cell density via root developmental genes in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Appl Sci 11:2240. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052240

10.3390/app11052240
34

Kai K, Kasa S, Sakamoto M, Aoki N, Watabe G, Yuasa T, Iwaya-Inoue M, Ishibashi Y (2016) Role of reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase in gibberellin biosynthesis during barley seed germination. Plant Signal Behav 11:e1180492. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2016.1180492

10.1080/15592324.2016.118049227110861PMC4977456
35

Kamseu-Mogo JP, Soulier M, Kamgang-Youbi G, Mafouasson HNA, Dufour T (2024) Advancements in maize cultivation: synergistic effects of dry atmospheric plasma combined with plasma-activated water. J Phys D Appl Phys 58:055201. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad8acf

10.1088/1361-6463/ad8acf
36

Kanner J (2020) Polyphenols by generating H2O2, affect cell redox signaling, inhibit PTPs and activate Nrf2 axis for adaptation and cell surviving: in vitro, in vivo and human health. Antioxidants 9:797. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090797

10.3390/antiox909079732867057PMC7555200
37

Karthik C, Sarngadharan SC, Thomas V (2023) Low-temperature plasma techniques in biomedical applications and therapeutics: An overview. Int J Mol Sci 25:524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010524

10.3390/ijms2501052438203693PMC10779006
38

Khan T, Yusuf M, Fariduddin Q (2018) Hydrogen peroxide in regulation of plant metabolism: Signalling and its effect under abiotic stress. Photosynthetica 56:1237–1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-018-0830-8

10.1007/s11099-018-0830-8
39

Khedia J, Agarwal P, Agarwal PK (2019) Deciphering hydrogen peroxide-induced signalling towards stress tolerance in plants. 3 Biotech 9:395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1924-0

10.1007/s13205-019-1924-031656733PMC6789057
40

Kimura T, Otsuki M, Kitano T, Hoshino R, Nakauchi Y, Haganuma S, Haganuma R, Haganuma T, Tsuchiya F, et al. (2023) A plasma irradiation system optimized for space weathering of solar system bodies. Earth Planets Space 75:150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-023-01900-w

10.1186/s40623-023-01900-w
41

Küllig C, Dittmann K, Wegner T, Sheykin I, Matyash K, Loffhagen D, Schneider R, Meichsner J (2012) Dynamics and electronegativity of oxygen RF plasmas. Contrib Plasma Phys 52:836–846. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.201200048

10.1002/ctpp.201200048
42

Lata S, Chakravorty S, Mitra T, Pradhan PK, Mohanty S, Patel P, Jha E, Panda PK, Verma SK, et al. (2022) Aurora Borealis in dentistry: The applications of cold plasma in biomedicine. Mater Today Bio 13:100200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100200

10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.10020035036896PMC8743205
43

Li C, Zhang T, Qiu Z, Ye B, Liang X, Liu X, Chen M, Xia X, Wang C, et al. (2024) Plasma‐assisted fabrication of multiscale materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Carbon Energy e641. https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.641

10.1002/cey2.641
44

Liang H, Ming F, Alshareef HN (2018) Applications of plasma in energy conversion and storage materials. Adv Energy Mater 8:1801804. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801804

10.1002/aenm.201801804
45

Lin SP, Khumsupan D, Chou YJ, Hsieh KC, Hsu HY, Ting Y, Cheng KC (2022) Applications of atmospheric cold plasma in agricultural, medical, and bioprocessing industries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 106:7737–7750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-12252-y

10.1007/s00253-022-12252-y36329134PMC9638309
46

Liu Y, Ye N, Liu R, Chen M, Zhang J (2010) H2O2 mediates the regulation of ABA catabolism and GA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seed dormancy and germination. J Exp Bot 61:2979–2990. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq125

10.1093/jxb/erq12520460363PMC2892143
47

Ma Z, Bykova NV, Igamberdiev AU (2017) Cell signaling mechanisms and metabolic regulation of germination and dormancy in barley seeds. Crop J 5:459–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.08.007

10.1016/j.cj.2017.08.007
48

Manimekalai R, Narayanan J, Ranjini R, Gokul M, Selvi A, Kumar P, Gomathi R (2018) Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in sugarcane and response expression pattern of stress-responsive genes through quantitative RT-PCR. Sugar Tech 20:681–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-018-0604-4

10.1007/s12355-018-0604-4
49

Marinho HS, Real C, Cyrne L, Soares H, Antunes F (2014) Hydrogen peroxide sensing, signaling and regulation of transcription factors. Redox Biol 2:535–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.006

10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.00624634836PMC3953959
50

Panarin V, Sosnin E, Ryabov A, Skakun V, Kudryashov S, Sorokin D (2023) Comparative effect of the type of a pulsed discharge on the ionic speciation of plasma-activated water. Technologies 11:41. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020041

10.3390/technologies11020041
51

Park WH (2018) Hydrogen peroxide inhibits the growth of lung cancer cells via the induction of cell death and G1‑phase arrest. Oncol Rep 40:1787–1794. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6535

10.3892/or.2018.6535
52

Rakpenthai A, Khaksar G, Burow M, Olsen CE, Sirikantaramas S (2019) Metabolic changes and increased levels of bioactive compounds in white radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. 01) sprouts elicited by oligochitosan. Agronomy 9:467. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080467

10.3390/agronomy9080467
53

Ramalingam M, Kim SJ (2014) Insulin on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress involves ROS/Ca2+ and Akt/Bcl-2 signaling pathways. Free Radic Res 48:347–356. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2013.869588

10.3109/10715762.2013.869588
54

Rashidi Z, Azizi K, Eisvand HR (2025) Caffeic acid-related gene expression and antioxidant activity enhance drought tolerance in three bean cultivars. BMC Plant Biology 25:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07226-x

10.1186/s12870-025-07226-x40898027PMC12406357
55

Rastogi N, Angersbach A, Knorr D (2000) Evaluation of mass transfer mechanisms during osmotic treatment of plant materials. J Food Sci 65:1016–1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb09409.x

10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb09409.x
56

Saglam A, Kalaycioglu E, Guven FG, Saruhan N, Kadioglu A, Demiralay M (2014) Hydrogen peroxide extends postharvest life of Ctenanthe setosa leaf cuts under osmotic stress by reducing leaf rolling. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 55:308–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-014-0138-y

10.1007/s13580-014-0138-y
57

Sajib SA, Billah M, Mahmud S, Miah M, Hossain F, Omar FB, Roy NC, Hoque KMF, Talukder MR, et al. (2020) Plasma activated water: The next generation eco-friendly stimulant for enhancing plant seed germination, vigor and increased enzyme activity, a study on black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Plasma Chem Plasma Process 40:119–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-019-10028-3

10.1007/s11090-019-10028-3
58

Shlapakova T, Kostin R, Tyagunova E (2020) Reactive oxygen species: participation in cellular processes and progression of pathology. Russ J Bioorg Chem 46:657–674. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162020050222

10.1134/S1068162020050222
59

Shumeyko SA, Yanykin DV, Paskhin MO, Lukanin VI, Zakharov DA, Astashev ME, Pishchalnikov RY, Sarimov RM, Ashurov MK, et al. (2025) The effect of liquids activated by plasma generated with a microwave plasmatron and high-frequency glow discharge on cotton plant development. Plants 14:304. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030304

10.3390/plants1403030439942867PMC11819904
60

SongQuan S, Jun L, Huang H, XianJin W, HengHeng X, Zhang Q, XiuMei L, Liang J (2020) Gibberellin metabolism and signaling and its molecular mechanism in regulating seed germination and dormancy. Sci Sin Vitae 50:599–615. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSV-2019-0289

10.1360/SSV-2019-0289
61

Stoleru V, Burlica R, Mihalache G, Dirlau D, Padureanu S, Teliban GC, Astanei D, Cojocaru A, Beniuga O, et al. (2020) Plant growth promotion effect of plasma activated water on Lactuca sativa L. cultivated in two different volumes of substrate. Sci Rep 10:20920. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77355-w

10.1038/s41598-020-77355-w33262393PMC7708473
62

Su Y, Liu Z, Sun J, Wu C, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhao L (2022) Genome-wide identification of maize aquaporin and functional analysis during seed germination and seedling establishment. Front Plant Sci 13:831916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.831916

10.3389/fpls.2022.83191635154233PMC8828918
63

Świeca M (2016) Hydrogen peroxide treatment and the phenylpropanoid pathway precursors feeding improve phenolics and antioxidant capacity of quinoa sprouts via an induction of L‐tyrosine and L‐phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases activities. J Chem 2016:1936516. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1936516

10.1155/2016/1936516
64

Tachibana K, Nakamura T (2019) Comparative study of discharge schemes for production rates and ratios of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in plasma activated water. J Phys D Appl Phys 52:385202. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab2529

10.1088/1361-6463/ab2529
65

Thirumdas R, Kothakota A, Annapure U, Siliveru K, Blundell R, Gatt R, Valdramidis VP (2018) Plasma activated water (PAW): Chemistry, physico-chemical properties, applications in food and agriculture. Trends Food Sci Technol 77:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.007

10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.007
66

Vanegas Torres A, Tish N, Rodov V (2022) Enhancement of glucosinolate formation in broccoli sprouts by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Foods 11:655. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050655

10.3390/foods1105065535267288PMC8909455
67

Wojtyla Ł, Lechowska K, Kubala S, Garnczarska M (2016) Different modes of hydrogen peroxide action during seed germination. Front Plant Sci 7:66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00066

10.3389/fpls.2016.0006626870076PMC4740362
68

Wragg D, Leoni S, Casini A (2020) Aquaporin-driven hydrogen peroxide transport: a case of molecular mimicry? RSC Chem Biol 1:390–394. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CB00160K

10.1039/D0CB00160K
69

Yadav K, Dhankhar J (2022) Isothiocyanates-A Review of their Health Benefits and Potential Food Applications. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 10. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.10.2.6

10.12944/CRNFSJ.10.2.6
70

Yadav P, Kaur R, Kohli SK, Sirhindi G, Bhardwaj R (2016) Castasterone assisted accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant to increase tolerance of B. juncea plants towards copper toxicity. Cogent Food Agric 2:1276821. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1276821

10.1080/23311932.2016.1276821
71

Yang X, Zhang C, Li Q, Cheng JH (2023) Physicochemical properties of plasma-activated water and its control effects on the quality of strawberries. Molecules 28:2677. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062677

10.3390/molecules2806267736985649PMC10052570
72

Zhang J, Li X, Zheng J, Du M, Wu X, Song J, Cheng C, Li T, Yang W (2023) Non-thermal plasma-assisted ammonia production: A review. Energy Convers Manag 293:117482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117482

10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117482
73

Zhou R, Zhou R, Wang P, Xian Y, Mai-Prochnow A, Lu X, Cullen P, Ostrikov KK, Bazaka K (2020) Plasma-activated water: Generation, origin of reactive species and biological applications. J Phys D Appl Phys 53:303001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab81cf

10.1088/1361-6463/ab81cf
Information
  • Publisher :KOREAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국원예학회
  • Journal Title :Horticultural Science and Technology
  • Journal Title(Ko) :원예과학기술지
  • Received Date : 2025-07-07
  • Revised Date : 2025-10-17
  • Accepted Date : 2025-11-12