All Issue

2016 Vol.34, Issue 2 Preview Page
Comparison of Green Color Retention of Zoysiagrass and Cool-season Grass under Multi-layer System, USGA System, and Mono-layer System of Sports Field

스포츠용 다단구조, USGA구조 및 약식구조 지반에서 한국잔디 및 한지형 잔디의 녹색기간 비교

Kyoung-Nam Kim1*
김 경남1*
1Department of Horticulture, College of Science and Technology, Sahmyook University
1삼육대학교 과학기술대학 원예학과
*교신저자. *Corresponding Author. 
30 April 2016. pp. 342-353
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This study was initiated to evaluate green color retention under three different soil systems. Several turfgrasses were evaluated in multi-layer, USGA, and mono-layer systems. Turfgrass entries were comprised of three cultivars of Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) as warm-season grass (WSG) and three blends and three mixtures of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) as cool-season grass (CSG). Significant differences were observed in visual turf color and green color retention among soil systems and turfgrasses. Both the multi-layer and USGA systems were highly associated with better color ratings and longer color retention, as compared with the mono-layer system. Seasonal variation of visual turf color greatly occurred from late December to early spring. CSG exhibited longer color retention than did WSG. The latter maintained green color for approximately 6 months, regardless of the soil system. Spring green-up of Korean lawngrass occurred from early to middle May, while it underwent discoloration from late October to early November. Among the CSGs green-up occurred between early March and early April and leaf color was maintained until middle December to early February. Therefore, the CSGs were green for 8.5 to 11 months, depending on turfgrass and soil system. The mean period of green color duration across all soil systems was approximately 10-11, 9-10 and 8.5-9.0 months for PR, KB and TF, respectively. As for the CSG mixtures, the greater the proportion of PR, the longer the green color retention, while the higher the proportion of TF, the shorter the color retention. There was greater variation in green color duration among the CSGs than the WSGs. Across soil systems, color retention differences of 2 to 6 days were observed for the Korean lawngrass, but 7 to 36 days for the CSGs. These results demonstrate that green color retention varied greatly according to soil systems and also among turfgrasses. Selections of turfgrass and soil system should be made using a concept-oriented approach, when establishing garden, park, soccer field, golf course and other sports field. Information obtained in this study can be used to select soil systems and turfgrasses based on the expected degree of leaf color retention.

Keywords
Kentucky bluegrass
Korean lawngrass
perennial ryegrass
soccer field
tall fescue

본 연구는 스포츠용 다단구조, USGA구조 및 약식구조에서 난지형 및 한지형 주요 초종의 연중 녹색 유지 기간을 비교하고자 수행하였다. 공시 초종은 전체 9종류로 들잔디 세 품종과 한지형 잔디 조합종 및 혼합구가 각각 세 종류이었다. 잔디지반 및 초종 별로 연중 색상 품질 및 녹색 유지 기간에 대해 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 지반 간 차이는 약식구조에 비해 다단 및 USGA구조에서 잔디의 색상이 우수하였으며, 녹색 기간도 더 길게 나타났다. 초종 간 색상 차이는 계절적으로 12월 하순부터 녹화가 시작되는 이른 봄까지 크게 나타났다. 녹색 유지 기간은 한지형 잔디가 난지형 들잔디에 비해 더 길게 나타났다. 들잔디의 평균 녹색유지 기간은 약 6개월 정도였고, 이른 봄 녹화 시점은 5월 1일-5월 14일 사이, 가을에 휴면에 들어가는 시점은 10월 28일-11월 8일 사이로 나타났다. 한지형 잔디는 3월 초순-4월 초순 사이 녹화가 완료되어 동절기인 12월 중순-2월 초순까지 색상이 유지되어 초종에 따라 전체 지반 평균의 푸른 기간이 약 8.5-11개월 사이로 다양하게 나타났다. 잔디지반 유형에 따라 한지형 잔디의 녹색기간은 퍼레니얼 라이그래스의 경우 10-11개월 정도로 가장 길었고, 반면 톨 훼스큐가 8.5-9개월 정도로 가장 짧았다. 켄터키 블루그래스는 9-10개월 정도로 퍼레니얼 라이그래스와 톨 훼스큐의 중간 정도의 녹색 기간을 나타냈으며, 한지형 혼합구의 푸른 기간은 퍼레니얼 라이그래스가 많이 혼합 될수록 길어지고, 톨 훼스큐가 많이 섞일수록 짧아지는 경향이었다. 지반에 따른 초종별 녹색기간 차이는 난지형인 들잔디의 ‘야지’, ‘중지’ 및 ‘제니스’간의 차이는 2-6일로 짧은 반면, 한지형 잔디는 최소 7일-최대 36일 까지 상당히 크게 나타났다. 즉 초종 및 지반에 따라 녹색 유지 기간 차이가 다르게 나타나기 때문에 정원, 공원, 경기장 및 골프장 등 잔디밭 조성 시 컨셉에 의한 초종 및 지반 선정이 필요하다. 본 연구를 통해 나타난 다양한 결과는 경기장 및 골프장 등 스포츠 잔디밭 설계 시 기대하는 녹화기간에 따라 지반선정 및 초종 선택에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

키워드
들잔디
잔디구장
켄터키 블루그래스
톨 훼스큐
퍼레니얼 라이그래스
References
1
Adams WA, Gibbs RJ (1994) Natural turf for sports and amenity: Science and practice. CAB International, Cambridge, UK
2
Beard JB (1966) Winter injury. The Golf Course Superintendent 34:24-33 Beard JB (1973) Turfgrass: Science and culture. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA
3
Beard JB, Beard HJ (2005) Beard's turfgrass encyclopedia for golf courses, grounds, lawns and sports fields. Michigan State Univ. Press, East Lansing, MI, USA
4
Cockerham ST (1994) Rootzone mixes, turfgrass selection, and maintenance on the world cup soccer fields in the USA. pp 31-43. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Soccer Field, The Committee of International Symposium on Soccer Field, Tokyo, Japan, October 27-28, 1994
5
Fry J, Huang B (2004) Applied turfgrass science and physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA
6
Hanson AA, Juska FV, Burton GW (1969) Species and varieties. Agron. Monogr. 14:370-409. In AA Hanson, FV Juska, eds, Turfgrass science. ASA, Madison, WI, USA. doi: 10.2134/agronmonogr14.c13
7
Harper II JC (1969) Athletic fields. Agron Monogr 14:542-561. In AA Hanson, FV Juska, eds, Turfgrass science. ASA, Madison, WI, USA. doi: 10.2134/agronmonogr14.c13
8
Kim KN (1986) Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the growth and flowering in Zoysia japonica (Steud.) MS Thesis, Seoul National University
9
Kim KN (1998) The selection and development of athletic turfgrass. The Environment & Landscape Architecture of Korea 122:118-127
10
Kim KN (2005) Comparison of summer turf performance, color and green color retention among cool-season grasses grown under USGA soil system. J Kor Inst Landscape Architecture 33(5):18-30
11
Kim KN (2006) STM Series II: Turfgrass management. Sahmyook Univ. Press, Seoul, Korea
12
Kim KN (2012) STM Series I: Introductory turfgrass science. 2nd ed, Sahmyook Univ. Press, Seoul, Korea
13
Kim KN (2013a) Comparison of color quality, winter color, and spring green-up among major turfgrasses grown under three different soil systems. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 31:259-268. doi: 10.7235/hort.2013.11131
14
Kim KN (2013b) STM Series III: Turfgrass establishment. 2nd ed, Sahmyook Univ. Press, Seoul, Korea
15
Kim SH (2002) Twenty-two stories of world cup stadium. CA Press, Seoul, Korea
16
Kim KN, Choi JS, Nam SY (2003) Turf performance of warm-season grass and cool-season grass grown in multi-layer system, USGA system and mono-layer system for athletic field. J Kor Soc Hort Sci 44:539-544
17
Kim KN, Kwon OD, Nam SY (1998a) A study on the adaptive performance of cool-season sports turf in Korea. J Nat Sci Sahmyook University 3(3):61-76
18
Kim KN, Nam SY (2001) Comparison of cool-season turfgrass performance under the transition climate of Korea. Agron Abstr ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Charlotte, NC, USA
19
Kim KN, Shim SR (2003) Comparison of soil surface hardness, soil compaction, and infiltration rate of warm-season and cool-season grasses grown under athletic field soil systems. J Kor Soc Hort Sci 44:991-997
20
Kim KN, Shim SR, Yoon PS, Han SK, Cho CU, Han KW (1998b) Sports turf recommendation for soccer field with investigation of athletic fields in Japan, Germany, and USA. J Nat Sci Sahmyook University 3(3):51-60
21
Korea Sport Science Institute (KISS) (1998) Establishment and maintenance of turfgrass ground. Dongweonsa, Seoul, Korea
22
Korean World Cup Organizing Committee (KOWOC) (1997) Guide to 2002 FIFA world cup. Kor. Organizing Committee for the 2002 FIFA World Cup-Korea/Japan, Seoul, Korea
23
Korean World Cup Organizing Committee (KOWOC) (1999) Survey for athletic fields in Japan and Europe for the construction of 2002 world cup soccer stadium. Kor. Organizing Committee for the 2002 FIFA World Cup-Korea/Japan, Seoul, Korea
24
Korean World Cup Organizing Committee (KOWOC) (2000a) Comprehensive project report on the establishment of the turfgrass ground of 2002 world cup soccer stadium. Kor. Organizing Committee for the 2002 FIFA World Cup-Korea/Japan, Seoul, Korea
25
Korean World Cup Organizing Committee (KOWOC) (2000b) Guidelines to the establishment and maintenance of the turfgrass ground of 2002 world cup soccer stadium. Kor. Organizing Committee for the 2002 FIFA World Cup-Korea/Japan, Seoul, Korea
26
Laude HM (1964) Plant response to high temperatures. In ASA Special Publication No. 5. Forage Plant Physiology & Soil Range Relationships
27
Lee JW (1997) Characteristics and domestic planting cases of German turfgrass. The Environ and Landscape Architecture Kor 108:144-148
28
Lee JP, Kim SJ, Seo HY, Han IS, Lee SJ, Kim TJ, Kim DH (2001a) The effect of shade net on summer stress of cool-season turfgrass. Kor J Turfgrass Sci 15:51-64
29
Lee HJ, Song JW, Ku JH (2001b) Effect of root zone cooling on growth and mineral contents of turfgrasses in simulated athletic field during summer season. Kor J Turfgrass Sci 15:169-179
30
SAS Inst., Inc (2001) SAS/STAT user's guide: Statistics version 8.00, SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
31
Shim SR (1992) Korean sports turf. Grounds Maintenance. June pp 66-68
32
Shim SR (1996) Characteristics, uses, and establishment method of cool-season grasses of four-season green color. The Environ and Landscape Architecture Kor 97:148-153
33
Shim SR, Jeong DY (2002a) Physical properties of soil and turfgrass wear characteristics of soccer fields: A simulation of the Incheon 2002 world cup stadium. J Kor Inst Landscape Architecture 30(1):96-104
34
Shim SR, Jeong DY (2002b) Turfgrass selection for soccer fields-A simulation of the Incheon 2002 world cup stadium. J Kor Inst Landscape Architecture 30(2):88-94
35
Shim SR, Jeong DY, Kim KN (2000) Planting foundations and turfgrass species adapted to grounds. J Kor Inst Landscape Architecture 28(2):61-70
36
Shim SR, Yeam DY (1983) Rootzone construction for athletic turf area. J Kor Inst Landscape Architecture 11(1):35-43
37
Skogley CR, Sawyer CD (1992) Field research. Agron Monogr 32:589-614. In DV Waddington, RN Carrow, RC Shearman, eds, Turfgrass. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA
38
Smith D (1964) Freezing injury of forage plants. In ASA Special Publication No. 5. Forage plant physiology & soil range relationships. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI, USA, pp 32-56. doi: 10.2134/asaspecpub5.c5
39
Snow JT (1993) The whys and hows of revising the USGA greeen construction recommendations. USGA Green Section Record 31(2):4-6
40
Steel RGD, Torrie JH (1980) Principles and procedures of statistics. 2nd ed, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA
41
Turgeon AJ (2005) Turfgrass management. 7th ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA
42
USGA Green Section Staff (1973) USGA sections specifications for putting green construction. USGA Green Section Record 11(3):1-8
43
Youngner VB (1961) Growth and flowering of Zoysia species in response to temperature, photoperiods, and light intensities. Crop Sci 1:91-93. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1961.0011183X000100020003x
44
Youngner VB (1962) Which is the best turfgrass? Calif. Turfgrass Culture 12:30-31
Information
  • Publisher :KOREAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국원예학회
  • Journal Title :Horticultural Science and Technology
  • Journal Title(Ko) :원예과학기술지
  • Volume : 34
  • No :2
  • Pages :342-353
  • Received Date : 2014-11-04
  • Revised Date : 2015-03-11
  • Accepted Date : 2015-04-01
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.12972/kjhst.20160035
Journal Informaiton Horticultural Science and Technology Horticultural Science and Technology
Online Submission
  • scopus
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref crossmark
  • crossref cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close