Introduction
Materials and methods
Plant Materials
AGN-LTE Treatments
Statistical Analysis
Results and Discussion
Foliage and Tuber Weights and Number of Tubers
Tuber Weight by Size Group
Tuber Number by Size Group
Mean Tuber Weight by Size Group
Conclusion
Introduction
Microbial agents can be used to promote the growth of crops via various actions of specific beneficial microorganisms (Kim et al., 2002). Recently, microbial agents have gained interest because of the influence of active organic farming and awareness of the safety of these agents as well as their potential for use as replacements for chemical fertilizers and pesticides; accordingly, development of new agents is needed (Kim et al., 2003; Kwon et al., 2007).
One of the most commonly used microbial agents is Bacillus sp., which is applied to soil and crops to reduce nutrition depletion and salt accumulation caused by over-use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers (Valenzuela-Soto et al., 2010).
Bacillus sp. have been found to have growth promotion effects in several studies. For example, application of Bacillus subtilis strain KPS-11 to the rhizosphere of potato has resulted in increased stem and root length and weight (Muhammad et al., 2015). Moreover, Bacillus subtilus strain HR-1019 has promoted plant growth in lettuce and could be used as a replacement for compound fertilizer if N-acetyl-thioproline were added (Lee et al., 2013b). Shoot? Length, stem diameter, and root length were also positively promoted by treating Bacillus subtilis strain S37-2 during pepper seedling cultivation in a plug tray (Kim et al., 2003).
In addition to microbial agents, humic acid and fulvic acid have been reported to improve the rhizosphere environment, leading to subsequent nutrient absorption and promotion of plant growth (Suh et al., 2014a). Similarly, Kim et al. (2017) reported that treatment with humic acid increased root growth and nutrient uptake in creeping bent grass. Additionally, treatment with humic acid increased inorganic nutrients P and Ca content and reduced incidence of hollow heart tuber (Suh et al., 2014a). Treatment of tomato plant with fulvic acid also increased inorganic nutrients content and reduced the incidence of blossom end rot in fruit (Suh et al., 2014b).
Further, AGN LTE was recommended to be used for all plants and trees with shallow roots less than 60 cm depth, including house plants, potted plants, lawns, vegetables, herbs, and leafy greens, according to the company’s web site. In this study, the effects of the microbial agent, AGN-LTE, on the growth and yield of potato plant were investigated.
Materials and methods
Plant Materials
Seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Daeseo) was purchased from Shin-Nong Seed Potato Company (Pyungchnag, Korea), planted on 20 Apr 2016 and harvested on 20 Jul 2016. The bed width was 40 cm and the distance between plants was 30 cm in a single row per bed. The distance between beds was 40 cm. The plot was covered with black plastic mulching for soil temperature, soil moisture, and weed control. The standard cultivation practices distributed by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) were applied (RDA, 2014). The treatments were allocated in the plot by completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications.
At the harvest time, foliage (stem and leaf) and tuber weight were measured. The tubers were then graded by weight as follows and counted: extra-large (> 250 g), large (151–249 g), medium (81–150 g), small (25–80 g), and extra-small (<24 g). Marketable yield was the sum of extra-large, large, and medium size tuber weights. Marketable tuber number was the sum of extra-large, large, and medium tuber numbers. Marketable rate was the percentage of the marketable tubers among the total number of tubers.
AGN-LTE Treatments
The AGN-LTE was purchased from a local store and the ingredients of the stock AGN-LTE are presented in Table 1. The microbial agent used in this study (AGN-LTE) was developed by the Cisbay Company (San Jose, CA, USA) as a bio-fertilizer, which contained Bacillus bacteria (45% w/w), nitrogen (5%), and humic acid (50%).
Table 1.
The stock AGN-LTE solution was diluted into water at a rate of 30 mL stock solution in 1.0 L water and applied to soil or leaves. There were three application treatments in this study, drench application, foliar spray, and the control (tap water?). At each application date, 500 mL of the diluted AGN-LTE solution or tap water were poured onto the plants in the plot in the drench treatment or the control, respectively. In the foliar spray treatment, 50 mL of diluted solution was sprayed thoroughly around the canopy of each plant and the plant was drenched with 450 mL of water. A plastic protective cover was used to prevent mist drift in the foliar application treatment. All plots received 500 mL solution or water. The first application was performed at 30 days after planting and the second and third applications were applied at 2 week intervals thereafter.
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 23 (Armonk, NY, USA) and mean separation was calculated by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level.
Results and Discussion
Foliage and Tuber Weights and Number of Tubers
The foliage and tuber weights and number of tubers per plant are presented in Table 2. The foliar spray treatment had no effect, but drench treatment led to a significant increase in foliage weight, tuber weight, and number of tubers. Specifically, drench treatment induced a 50.9, 32.8 and 48.1% increase in foliage weight, tuber weight and number of tubers per plant, respectively, when compared with the control (water).
Table 2.
Treatment | Foliage weight (g) | Tuber weight (g) | No. of tubers |
Control | 200.2 bz | 564.4 b | 6.67 b |
Foliar spray | 195.4 b | 571.9 b | 7.24 b |
Drench | 302.2 a | 750.0 a | 9.88 a |
Significance | *** | *** | *** |
Tuber Weight by Size Group
The mean tuber weights per plant by potato size group are presented in Table 3. Except for the extra-small size group, there were no differences in tuber weights in response to the foliar spray or drench treatments. However, there were slight increases in response to the drench treatment. Moreover, drench treatment led to an increase in tuber weight following drench treatment only. The marketable yield also increased in response to drench treatment, while the foliar spray had no effect. The marketable rates and percentage of the marketable yield out of the total tuber weight were not changed by any treatment. These data indicated that there were significant increases in yield from each size group by grouping based on total and marketable tuber weight.
Table 3.
Treatment | Tuber weight (g) per plant |
Marketable yield (g) |
Marketable rate (%) | ||||
Ex-large | Large | Medium | Small | Ex-small | |||
Water | 54.4 | 216.2 | 166.5 | 105.4 | 21.9 az | 437.1 a | 76.6 |
Foliar spray | 99.7 | 157.7 | 167.9 | 120.3 | 26.4 a | 425.3 a | 72.9 |
Drench | 113.0 | 240.4 | 219.5 | 140.2 | 36.9 b | 572.9 b | 75.4 |
Significance | nsy | ns | ns | ns | ** | *** | ns |
Tuber Number by Size Group
Tuber number of each of the five-size groups is presented in Table 4. There was no increase in tuber numbers in the ex-large, large, medium, or small size groups. In the ex-small group; however, there was a significant increase in response to the drench treatment. The drench treatment also showed a significant increase in the marketable tuber numbers of about 0.8 tubers per plant. Although the tuber numbers divided by individual size did not differ, when combined together the marketable tuber number increased significantly following drench treatment. The marketable rates in tuber number were not changed by any treatment. These data indicated that the increase in tuber number was only significant in the extra-small size group, which had no beneficial economic impact.
Table 4.
Treatment | Tuber numbers per plant |
Marketable tuber no. | Marketable rate (%)y | ||||
Ex-large | Large | Medium | Small | Ex-small | |||
Water | 0.18 | 1.15 | 1.45 | 2.12 | 1.76 bz | 2.79 b | 45.9 |
Foliar spray | 0.33 | 0.85 | 1.58 | 2.33 | 2.15 b | 2.76 b | 42.5 |
Drench | 0.36 | 1.21 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 3.30 a | 3.58 a | 40.4 |
Significance | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | *** | ns |
Mean Tuber Weight by Size Group
The mean tuber weight by size group is presented in Table 5. We were interested in whether the tuber size might have increased in response to any treatment; therefore, we calculated the mean tuber weights in each size group. However, there were no differences in mean tuber weight, indicating that there was no size increase or reduction in response to the foliar spray or drench treatments.
A picture of representative potato plants from each treatment is presented in Fig. 1. These pants were selected because they had similar number of tubers and sizes as presented in Table 2.
Table 5.
Treatment | Mean tuber weight (g) | ||||
Ex-largez | Large | Medium | Small | Ex-small | |
Water | 299.17 | 189.51 | 114.81 | 50.13 | 15.10 |
Foliar spray | 299.12 | 185.15 | 106.07 | 52.31 | 12.73 |
Drench | 307.25 | 198.33 | 110.69 | 47.41 | 11.31 |
Significance | nsy | ns | ns | ns | ns |
In this study, we treated potato plants with water or the microbial agent AGN-LTE via foliar spray or drench treatment and found that only the drench treatment induced increases in the foliage and total tuber weight and tuber numbers, mainly due to the increase in extra-small tubers.
The AGN-LTE is sold as a bio-fertilizer that contains Bacillus bacteria, nitrogen (5%), and humic acid (50%) as the main components (Table 1). This material is advertised as having the ability to increase soil vitality, micronutrients, and root growth; therefore, it is recommended for use on plants with shallow roots (Cisbay, 2018). The results of the present study revealed a general improvement in plant growth as reflected by increases if foliage and tuber weight and tuber number.
In addition to direct application to plants, application of Bacillus coagulans DL-1 to the rhizosphere of soil has been shown to increase fresh weight, leaf length and leaf number in Chinese cabbage and fruit diameter, fresh weight, and root length in tomato (Kim et al., 2002). Similarly, application of Bacillus stearothermophilus DL-3 to the soil rhizosphere increased the activity of beneficial microbes, resulting in increased leaf length, width, number, fresh weight, and dry weight in lettuce and Chinese cabbage (Kim et al., 2004).
Microbial agents have also been shown to have positive effects on anti-fungal activities. Kim et al. (2012) reported that Bacillus subtilis B4 and B17 had a control effect on powdery mildew and gray mold in tomato and Nam et al. (2010) reported that Bacillus subtilis KB-401 could control powdery mildew in cucumber during the early stages of growth. In a similar trial, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M27 was found to control the activity of powdery mildew during the early stages of growth in cucumber (Lee et al., 2013a).
Microbial agents have been found to have positive effects in medicinal or ornamental plants. Promotion of root growth and suppression of root decay were observed in ginseng plants following treatment with Bacillus subtilis B-4228 (Lee and Park, 2004). In addition, several commercial products containing Bacillus subtilis as the main ingredient were shown to promote increases in root length, diameter, and weight (Choi et al., 2000). Cyclamen, which also contains a microbial agent, reduced damage from heat stress and improved growth of roots and leaves and flower color (Kim and Park, 2013). Subirrigation treatment of rose with a commercial microbial agent increased leaf number and area, stem length and diameter, and root growth, while chemical fertilizer only promoted stem length and resulted in weak stems (Son, 2003).
Promotion of growth and yield of potato and tomato plants in response to application of humic acid and fulvic acid have also been reported (Suh et al., 2014a, 2014b). Increases in mineral nutrients (P and Ca) in plants treated with humic and fulvic acid were also reported in potato and tomato plants, indicating that the treatments led to increased bioavailability or uptake of those nutrients (Suh et al., 2014a, 2014b). With addition of the Bacillus sp. strain, some additional improvement in plant growth can be expected and significant increases in growth and yield were observed in this study. We assumed that the microbial agent AGN-LTE promoted plant growth and increased yields by activating the beneficial microorganisms in general or improving the absorption of nutrients (Chang et al., 2004).
Conclusion
Our study showed that drench application of the microbial agent AGN-LTE, which contained Bacillus sp. and humic acids could increase foliage growth and yield. The microorganisms in the rhizosphere are known to be closely related to the growth of plants, use of this kind of microbial agent is thought to have potential to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and other pesticides; therefore, such agents are expected to be widely used in environmentally-friendly agriculture programs.